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Ofeq Institute and the New (English) Version of the Messilat Yesharim

Ofeq Institute and the New (English) Version of the Messilat Yesharim
by Eliezer Brodt

The Messilat Yesharim, by R. Moshe Chaim Luzzato (Ramchal), is one of the foundational works of mussar. [1] The Gra, among others, praise the Messilat Yesharim.[2] As such, any addition to its oeuvre is important in its own right. The Ofeq Institute* has recently published an English translation of an alternative version of the Messilat Yesharim. This version is fundamentally different than the standard edition of Messilat Yesharim. The standard edition is divided into chapters based upon various character traits. The second, this new version, eschews the chapter divisions and instead is arranged in a conversation or dialogue format. Specifically, a dialogue between a “wise man” and a “pious person” is the format of this version. This second version comes from a manuscript in the Baron Ginzburg collection in the St. Petersberg Library. The manuscript is in the Ramchal’s own hand and is substantially larger than the other version. Although the Hebrew edition of the dialogue version has been available for a bit (also from Ofeq),[3] this version has now been published in an English edition and this edition will be the focus of this post.

First a word about the Ofeq Institute. Over the past twenty years Mechon Ofeq has released many editions of the works of the geonim, rishonim and achronim covering all genres of Jewish literature. All these works are critical editions with extensive notes and introductions. Almost all their editions include extensive footnotes. (One of the only complaints some have is that there’s simply too much information in the footnotes). Much like the novel version of Ofeq’s Messilat Yesharim, many of the works are based on manuscripts from the Ginzburg collection, a collection that was only recently released to the public.

To highlight but a few of their other titles. A work on Iyov from the bet midrash of Rashi and a commentary on Yecheskel from R. Yosef Heyun. They begun to publish a critical edition of the rishonim on Torat Kohanim as well as a commentary on Tosefta. They have printed works from geonim like R. Natronai Goan. Many works of rishonim on shas, most well-known being the Tosafas HaRosh on Pesachim and Haggigah, and Tosafos Yeshanim on Yevomos. A facsimile edition of Rambam on Madda and Ahava in the Rambam’s own hand. They have printed hagadahs from rishonim an excellent critical edition of the Seder Hakabalah of the Meriei. Another work of note is Meah Shaearim a two volume edition on hilchos kibud av v’em.

Ofeq, run by R. Avraham Shoshana and based in Cleavland Ohio utilizes not only Torah scholars (read products of Yeshiva education) but experts who are academics as well. For their editon of the R. Natronai Goan they used Professor Brody a leading expert of the geonim period. For other works of rishonim they have used Professors Emanuel, Hevlin and Speigel all experts in their respective fields. Or, in the case of the Messilat Yesharim, Professor Septimus was involved. That is, Ofeq ensures that the works they put out are of a high caliber. To some, this is an anathema. They view the inclusion of non-Torah scholars to be unconscionable. Most recently objections of this nature were expressed by R. Yehuda Liba ben Dovid in Bes HaVaad (see post here ). As I pointed out, however, R. ben Dovid’s position is in the minority.

Aside from Ofeq’s Hebrew publications they also have published some books in English. The Messilat Yesharim, however, is their most ambitious English translation to-date.

This English translation includes an introduction discussing the Messilat Yesharim, the two versions, and the English translation employed. The translation does not skimp in the sense that it is annotated with English notes – something that does not appear in all English translation. Instead, many English translations provide the footnotes in Hebrew. While this seems counter-intuitive as if the person wants to read the work in English, they would like to read the whole work including the footnotes. This edition does not suffer from that and instead, almost everything is in English. Additionally, although Ofeq has published the “dialogue” edition, they also include the original version in translation as well. There are, however, two parts that remain in Hebrew. The first are citations to verses, talmudic passages and the like, the second is the final work included which compares the dialogue version with the standard chapter version. This last section, titled Bein HaMesilot, is in Hebrew.

When it comes to English translations, there are typically two options. The first are academic presses which are typically expensive and not aimed at a popular audience. The second, are the traditional Orthodox presses, while these are typically more readable, they (although not always) don’t provide some of the scholarly detail. Ofeq’s translation of the Messilat Yesharim
strikes a nice balance between these two – they have produced a highly readable yet include the scholarly detail as well.

As mentioned above, what is unique about this copy of the Mesilat Yesharim is that is is written in a completely different style than the current Mesilat Yesharim. This new version is written in a debate form. The Ramchal wrote other works in debate form as well. For example, his work on defending kabbala. For whatever reason, he chose to print the other, standard, version and the debate version remained in manuscript. It’s unclear, however, why the Ramchal chose to do so. Many feel that a debate version is much better for 2 reasons: One, it keeps the reader much more interested and two, it brings out the various points much better as is always in a debate form.

For many years, the sefer Messilat Yesharim was learned as a mussar sefer, becoming one of the classics. Many people used to take it into a dark room and learn it in special tunes saying the words again and again until they penetrated. However, many people have a fear of mussar, having bad memories from yeshiva, forcing themselves to read mussar sefarim during mussar seder that they felt did not talk to them. I would like to suggest a new way to read this sefer. Read it as a regular sefer. Concentrate on the ideas discussed in it, not only focused on the mussar, but rather on the pshatim, aggada and statements throughout the sefer. Just to list a few of these lesser appreciate portions of the Messilat Yesharim:
והנה ודאי שיעזרהו לזה רוב התמדה והעיון במזמורי דוד המלך והתבונוות בם במאמריהם וענינים כי בהיותם כולם מלאים אהבה ויראה וכל מיני חסידות. הבנה בהתבוננו בם. לא ימנע מהתעורר בו התעוררות גדול לצאת בעקבותיו וללכתב בדרכיו. (פרק כא)
Or highlighting the value of reading gedolim books or at least the aggadic section of the gemarah
וכן תועיל הקריאה בסיפור מעשה החסידים באגדות אשר באו שם. כי כל אלה מעוררים את השכל להתיעץ ולעשות כמעשיהם הנחמדים… (פרק כא) In this passage, the Ramchal takes a positive view vis-a-vis working at least if learning remains a main focus
כי הנה העסק מוכרח הוא לאדם לצרוך פרנסתו, אך ריבו העסק אינו מוכרח שיהיה כל כך גדול עד שלא יניח לו מקום אל עבודותו. על כן נצטוינו לקבוע עתים לתורה. (פרק ה וראה פרק כא) And, on keeping chumros he has an intresting point
הוא להחמיר בהם תמיד לחוש אפילו לדברי יחיד במחלקות אם טעמו נראה אפילו שאין הלכה כמותו(פרק יד) Elsewhere he expands on this thought a bit more
באשר כבר יחשבו שהחסידות תלוי בדברי הבל או דברים נגד השכל והדיעה הנכונה. ויאמינו היות כל החסידות תלוי רק באמירת בקשות רבות ווידוים גדולים ובכיות והשתחויות גדולות ובסיגופים הזרים שימית בהם אדם את עצמו כטיבלת הקרא והשלג וכיוצא בדברים אלה… אך מציאות החסידות עצמו הוא דבר עמוק… כי הנה המצות המוטלת על כל ישראל כבר ידועות הן וחובתן ידועה עד היכן היא מגעת. אמנם מי שאוהב את הבוראית”ש אהבה אמתית לא ישתדל ויכון לפטור עצמו במה שכבר מפורסם מן החובה אשר על כל ישראל בכלל… אלא אדרבא… יהיה לי לעינים להרבות בזה הענין ולהרחיב אותו בכל הצדדין שאוכל לדון שרצונו יתברך חפץ בו… נמצא כלל החסידות הרחבת קיום כל המצות בכל הצדדין והתנאים שראוי ושאפשר… (פרק יח)
In the introduction the Ramchal has a puzzling remark, that many have taken issue with, but, in reality, the Ramchal was following in the path of Chovos haLevovvos
היתכן שיגע ויעמול שכלנו בחקירות אשר לא נתחייבו בם, בפלפולים אשר לא יצא לנו שום פרי מהם, ודינים אשר אינם שייכם לנו.
Here R Shoshanah has a nice comment (p. 18) of sources discussing this point.
When he wrote this work the Ramchal wrote a puzzling remark in the beginning showing his humility he writes

אמר המחבר החיבור הזה לא חיברתיו ללמוד לבני אדם את אשר לא ידעו אלא להזכירם את הידוע להם כבר ומפורסם אצלם פרסום גדול

R. Sarna writes in his notes on Messilat Yesharim that this statement is the most puzzling statement in the entire sefer to him.

One more nice piece from Messilat Yesharim is:

והפרישות… הוא התבודדות וההבדל מן החברה המדינית לפנות לבו אל העבודה והתבוננות בה כראוי ובתנאי שלא יטה גם בזה אל הקצה האחר שכבר אמר ז”ל לעולם תהא דעתו של אדם מעורב עם הבריות… (פרק יד)

Turning back to the Ofeq edition in particular, it is important to highlight the footnotes included. While much has been written on the Messilat Yesharim before this edition, especially worthy of mention is the edition of R Sarna. This edition that includes notes by R. Shoshana has included that aside from explaining the text and the concepts therein and providing sources that the Ramchal’s comments are based on in Hazel and the rishonim (as R. Shoshana notes that he has spent many years learning this sefer very carefully) also offers historical info such as on page 6 when dealing with learning pilpul or on page 127 about a custom in those days in Italy where there were large plays and comics played before Jewish audiences.

The end section, Bein HaMessilot, is a great section discussing at length a few topics of the Messilat Yesharim and comparing and contrasting how the two different versions with them. This shows, that at times, the debate version is much lengthier than the current version we have. Another thing that was done in this edition is that they fixed up the original version of Messilat Yesharim from all the mistakes that crept in since its printing. This sefer, which the author was subject to much opposition in his lifetime by many great gedolim, as is documented in the Iggeres Ramchal, was zoche that one of his works became a classic until today.

The only criticism I can think of on this edition is that they should have included all their appendices and introductions that they printed in the Hebrew edition previously printed by them. But, with this new edition it should be much easier to learn And I am sure one will enjoy this all time classic even today.

As Ofeq has extensively utilized manuscripts in both this edition of the Messilat Yesharim as well as in the rest of their publications. We should highlight another book, published by Ofeq, that is on the topic of Hebrew manuscripts. Benjamin Richler’s book, Hebrew Manuscripts: a Treasured Legacy, (this is available to readers of the Seforim blog for a special price of $24.95 including postage – please contact Ofeq their information is provided below) is a great introduction to the world of manuscripts for anyone. The book contains a lot of information and pictures of all types of handwriting. The book traces and describes briefly many manuscript collections, both private and public including the Ginzburg collection – the collection where the dialogue version of MessilatYesharim as well as other important manuscripts were found. It even lists the numbers that some of these seforim have in the very big collections. Besides for this, the book contains some nice descriptions with pictures of many manuscripts. Of interest is on page 50, a picture of a manuscript of a machzor from 1290 that has pictures of malachim with faces of dogs. The book also includes a bit of a history of the various catalogs of manuscripts that have been written until today. Interestingly enough, Richler writes that the JTS and Hebrew University collections are not completely cataloged. (maybe by now, they are – for an update on the JNUL collection see Richler’s post here). He has a chapter discussing the importance of manuscripts besides for ones not printed, which there are many. It also is to check the accuracy of previous editions. This book was written before the Ginzburg collection was released (p. 110). In addition, there’s a excellent chapter on the Cairo Geniza from one of the biggest experts on the geonic era, Professor Robert Brody. Here too, Brody discusses many of the basic questions one has about this topic, such as why all this is in the geniza in the first place. He also discusses where all the documents are location today and the progress of the study of these documents.

NOTES
[1] In an earlier post discussing the content and censorship of the sefer Menuchah u-Kedushah, and I note that according to the author of Menucah u-Kedushah, the Messilat Yesharim was written with ruach ha-kodesh.

[2] For a discussion about the Gra and his views towards R. Moshe Hayyim Luzzato and the Messilat Yesharim, see Y. Eliach, HaGra, vol. 1 pp. 240-45, where Eliach devotes a chapter to this issue. There is even a statement attributed to the Gra that there are no extra words in the sefer Messilat Yesharim, until chapter 11. This statement sparked a discussion as to exactly which word in chapter 11 is the extra one that the Gra was referring to. Additionally, it seems that the Gra even had some of the Ramchal’s works in manuscript.

[3] The Hebrew edition includes an extensive introduction enumerating all the differences between the versions by R. Yosef Avivi, an expert on kaballah and especially the Ramchal’s writings.
*As Ofeq’s website is a bit dated, those wishing to obtain a catalogue of Ofeq’s publications should contact them at: Ofeq Institute, 27801 Euclid Ave., Suite 430, Euclid, OH 44132, fax (216) 731-5567; email ofeqinst@core.comTheir contact information in Israel is 02-653-5920, or e-mail: ofeq@013.net




Mayim Hayyim, the Baal Shem Tov, and R. Meir the son of R. Jacob Emden

Sources contemporary to the Baal Shem Tov that attest to his deeds, or that even discuss him at all, are sparse. Although some secular sources, including tax records and other documents, have recently been unearthed by academic researchers, there is a paucity of Jewish texts. Most of the “historical” record regarding the Baal Shem Tov comes from a collection of stories, Shivhei Ha-Besht.[1] That work, however, was collected much later and is less reliable than others when assessing the Baal Shem Tov. [2] One important text regarding the Baal Shem Tov, however, appears in the Teshuvot Mayim Hayyim.

Mayim Hayyim was published in Zhitomer by Shapira press. The Shapira press is well-known for publishing hassidic works, and the press was originally in Slavita. As a result of dubious circumstances, the press moved to Zhitomer and in 1857 the Mayim Hayyim was published.[2a] While the publication of that book took place long after the Baal Shem Tov’s death in 1760, Mayim Hayyim consists of responsa both from the time of the Baal Shem Tov and later. Mayim Hayyim mainly consists of the responsa of R. Hayyim HaKohen Rapoport (1772-1839), was published by R. Hayyim’s son, R. Yaakov HaKohen Rapoport. R. Yaakov HaKohen Rapoport included material from other relatives as well (i.e., aside from his father, R. Hayyim). One such responsum is from R. Meir, son of R. Jacob Emden, who we shall return to later.

This undated responsum begins with a technical question regarding a lesion found in the lungs of an animal after shechitah. The slaughterer could not remove the lesion and took it to the local rabbi in Medzhybizh, a Rabbi Falk, who appeared to be unsure of the status of the animal. Based upon the remainder of the responsum, however, R. Falk eventually permitted the animal. It appears that some disagreed with the decision of R. Falk and thus sent the question to R. Meir to see if the local rabbi got it right. In an effort to ensure that R. Meir would get the whole story, it was recorded and signed by R. Mordechai, the ne’eman (literally, the trustee; but in this context, probably the secretary); the following appears after the question:

In our presence, the court signed below, our teacher, the aforementioned Mordecai, related all that is written above as testimony and then wrote all of this in his own handwriting and signed it with his very own signature. Therefore we have confirmed it and substantiated it as proper
Signed Israel BA”Sh [Ba’al Shem] of Tluste [this was the city the Baal Shem Tov lived prior to moving to Medzhybizh]
Signed Moshe Joseph Maggid Mesharim of Medzhybizh [3]

Thus, one of the three signatories was R. Israel Baal Shem Tov. The questioners then continue to flesh out their question as to whether or not Rabbi Falk paskened correctly. As Moshe Rosman notes, this question places the Baal Shem Tov as an important figure within Medzhybizh. That is, the Baal Shem Tov involved himself in this controversy, a controversy that may have resulted in the dismissal of their local rabbi. Furthermore, this episode illustrates how the Baal Shem Tov was important enough to be one of the three persons picked to sign on this letter. As Rosman states: “this incident presents a dimension of the Besht not usually emphasized by the interpreters of the hagiographic stories about him in Shivhei Ha-Beshet. It makes it difficult to portray him – as has often been done – as an unalloyed populist figure, alienated from the rabbinic or political establishment” (118).

Aside from the above value of the letter, there is the additional importance of how R. Meir treated the Baal Shem Tov, thus providing a contemporary account on how others viewed the Baal Shem Tov. Although the letter was from three people, R. Mordechai, R. Moshe Joseph and the Baal Shem Tov, R. Meir in his response only addresses himself to the Baal Shem Tov. Moreover, the honorifics R. Meir uses demonstrates that he surely held the Baal Shem Tov in the highest regard. R. Meir addressed the Baal Shem Tov as:

Champion in Yehuda and Israel! He who succeeds there at the small and the great. He provides balm and medicament to the persons without strength. He is great in Bavel and famous in Teveriah and has prevailed in all things. The great sage, the eminent rabbi, famous for his good name, our teacher Israel, may God protect and bless him. And all of his colleagues, all of them beloved rabbis, the great and eminent sage, our teacher Gershon, may God protect and bless him; and those who I don’t know [by name] I greet; may they all be granted the highest blessing.

As is apparent from the titles provided, “champion in Yehuda and Israel” and with the use of the terms “the great sage, the eminent rabbi” that R. Meir held the Baal Shem Tov in very high regard. Additionally, from both the Baal Shem Tov’s own use of “Baal Shem” to describe himself and R. Meir’s mention that the Baal Shem Tov “provides balm and medicament to persons without strength,” the term “Baal Shem” as used here refers to a medicine man. That is, aside from whatever else the Baal Shem Tov was known for, he was known for being a healer – thus Baal Shem means healer. This understanding is confirmed by tax records that refer to the Baal Shem Tov as a “Doctor.” From all this is should be apparent that the Baal Shem Tov was respected by his peers and was known outside of Medzhybizh while he was there.[4]Teshuvot Mayim Hayyim
There is a question, however, regarding when the foregoing letter was written. Most place it sometime around 1744, but, at the latest, 1747. They do so based on the mention of “our teacher Gershon.” They understand that the Gershon referenced here is Avraham Gershon of Kutower, the Baal Shem Tov’s brother-in-law. As R. Gershon moved to Israel in 1747, and the letter mentions R. Gershon, it must have been while he was still in Medzhybizh.[5] Personally, I think that that conclusion assumes that R. Meir was intimately familiar with R. Gershon’s whereabouts. While there is no doubt that R. Meir heard of R. Gershon, it does not automatically follow that he was informed regarding when R. Gershon moved to Israel. It could very well be the letter was written after R. Gershon left for Israel and R. Meir then merely assumed that R. Gershon was still living in Medzhybizh – it is not as if there was an announcement in the Międzybórz Times or at OnlySimchas.com that R. Gershon had made Aliyah! Either way, this letter was written while the Baal Shem Tov was alive, and provides a virtually unimpeachable source for his participation in the community-at-large and about how others viewed him. I don’t think Rosman is exaggerating when he says that “[t]his responsum, then, would seem to be an excellent starting point for attempting to gauge the Besht’s position in his community and his relationship to the political and religious establishment” (119).

Aside from the above points that can be gleaned from this responsum, R. Shlomo Yosef Zevin, in an article that originally appeared in Sinai and has now been reprinted in the nice, new edition of his le-Ohr Halakhah uses this responsum for a different purpose. R. Zevin wants to disprove the notion that “the Hassidim and their Rebbes don’t care about studying the revealed Torah and thus they did not spend much time on studying talmud and poskim.” R. Zevin notes, as well, that this attitude towards Hassidim was prevalent right from the start of the Hassidic movement. That is, “even today, those who are not hassidim allege that the founder of the Hassidic movement, the Baal Shem Tov, was not a ben torah, heaven forbid.” R. Zevin totally rejects this notion as “false and incorrect.” As proof the Baal Shem Tov was indeed learned R. Zevin cites to the above responsum. R. Zevin explains:

In the Shu”t Mayim Hayyim from R. Hayyim Kohen Rapoport from Austria, printed there is a responsum from Medzhybizh regarding a lesion in the lung, from the Baal Shem Tov to the gaon R. Meir, the son of R. Jacob Emden, who was the chief rabbi in Constantine, and the response from the goan [R. Meir] to him [the Baal Shem Tov]. As is common knowledge, the Baal Shem Tov was not the Rabbi of Medzhybizh, even so the Baal Shem Tov is one of the signatories to the letter, singing it “Yisrael Baal Shem of Tluste” – “and the Maggid Mesharim of Medzhybizh.” [6] The response of R. Meir is a long one. R. Meir was not a hassid. It is important to note the honorifics R. Meir uses at the beginning of his response: “Champion in Yehuda and Israel! He who succeeds there at the small and the great. He provides balm and medicament to the persons without strength. He is great in Bavel and famous in Teveriah and has prevailed in all thins. The great sage, the eminent rabbi, famous for his good name, our teacher Israel, may God protect and bless him. And all of his colleagues, all of them beloved rabbis . . .” And would a goan [R. Meir] who is not a hassid uses such language on someone who is not a godal b’torah?

Therefore, R. Zevin, with this responsum, demonstrates that the notion that the Baal Shem Tov was not learned and not respected is utterly false.

Until now, we have been focusing on the Baal Shem Tov, but there is another important person in this responsum, the author – R. Meir (1717-1795)[7], the first born son of R. Jacob Emden.[8] R. Meir was the rabbi in Constantine in the Ukraine. R. Meir was highly respected in the area, as is demonstrated by this responsum. This is so, as you will recall, in that the purpose of the responsum was to settle a controversy in the town of Medzhybizh – a controversy between the local rabbi and some of the persons in the town. This was a serious controversy — indeed the petitioners describe it as “a fire burning in the community” — and, especially in light of R. Meir’s response, where he notes that the rabbi was wrong and if the rabbi refuses to admit that he is wrong, he is to be dealt with as a zakan maamrei as the rabbi, according to R. Meir, is denying a portion of the torah. This was no small matter. As the three persons picked R. Meir to adjudicate the matter, they must have respected him and thought that his answer, what ever it would be, would settle the issue.

Unfortunately, until now, we only had a tiny amount of written material from R. Meir, the bulk of which appears in Mayim Hayyim. Specifically, of the six extant responsa from R. Meir, four can be found in Mayim Hayyim. Now the reason they are included in Mayim Hayyim is because R. Meir is related to R. Hayyim HaKohen Rapoport.[9] What is shocking is that in his introduction to the Mayim Hayyim, R. Yaakov HaKohen Rapoport, publisher of the Mayim Hayyim, uses his relationship to R. Meir as the sole reason for publishing R. Meir’s responsa. That is, although the Mayim Hayyim was published by the Shapira hassidic publishing house in Zhitomer, and done so in the mid-19th century, R. Yaakov HaKohen Rapoport never mentions that he includes a responsum — the only one of its kind — from the Baal Shem Tov. Instead, the reason for the inclusion of the responsum is R. Meir.

As mentioned previously, today, Shmuel Dovid Friedman has attempted to fill the void of R. Meir’s works in publishing the first volume of R. Meir’s hiddushim. These hiddushim are on Mishnayot Seder Nashim and on the Rambam’s Mishneh Torah. The title of the book is taken from the above responsum. As R. Meir was referred to as “HaMeor HaGodol” thus the title of this new work is HaMeor HaGodol. See Meir Konstantine, HaMeor HaGodol, ed. R. Shmuel Dovid Friedman (Brooklyn, NY, 2007), [30], 352. [6]

While the publication of the Hiddushei Torah of R. Meir is indeed welcome, this particular work is plagued with numerous deficiencies. Firstand foremost is the problem with the manuscript itself. It does not appear that the Meor HaGodol was published from R. Meir’s actual manuscript. Instead, R. Meir’s manuscripts were copied over time by the Bick family and it is from these copies that the Meor HaGodol is comprised. Thus, there is no independent method of verifying that this material actually came from R. Meir. Aside from the manuscript, the introduction is rather bizarre. The introduction includes various stories about R. Meir, most of which focus on his relationship to hassidim. The bulk of the stories are then shown to be false, but only in the footnotes. So, the body of the text are the stories and then a careful reader will see that most of the stories likely never occurred. For instance, there is a story that R. Meir’s daughter — when R. Meir was sick and unbeknownst to him– sent a request to the Baal Shem Tov to ask him to heal R. Meir. The editors of Meor HaGodol, in note 49, then say it is hard to reconcile the story with the facts known about R. Meir. Or, another example is that the introduction includes a story that after R. Meir became a hassid — there is no evidence that he ever did so, but the story assumes so — his father, R. Jacob Emden, disowned R. Meir. Again, the editors, in note 59, state that “there are many difficulties with this story” and then proceed to enumerate them. Why a story for which there is no support would be included to begin with is left unexplained. Perhaps the reason is that the editors are unduly interested in demonstrating that R. Meir was a full hassid (indeed, the main chapter in the introduction is entitled “[R. Meir’s] Connection with the Baal Shem Tov”). It is particularly ironic that they present such shaky evidence in light of the fact the responsum in Mayim Hayyim from R. Meir is the only objective contemporaneous evidence of the Ba’al Shem from a Jewish source.

Moreover, the introduction seems to have missed and, in fact purposely left out, some material. Specifically, in note 3, the editors of HaMeor HaGodol note that R. Jacob Emden at some point added the name Yisrael. In the introduction they then attempt to understand what precipitated this change. They cite the following from R. Jacob Emden’s Hitavkut, (p. 112,a)

מבטן אמי קראני יעקב, אליו פי קראתי ורומם תחת לשוני, והוא יתברך שלחני בשמי קראני, וכעת הראני לקרוא שמי ישראל וכו’, ע”כ


“from birth I was called Yaakov, this is what I was called and my name elevated, and then God sent [a message] to me that I should be called in God’s name, and thus I will now be called Yisrael.”

Although we can see from that quote that R. Emden added his name, the introduction does not tell us exactly why. What is astounding is that the editors ought to know why R. Emden added his name. The reason is because the above quote from Sefer Hitavkut continues beyond the portion quoted and explains that the name Yisrael was added because it was a testament that R. Jacob Emden was correct in his battle with R. Jonathan Eybeschütz. Instead, the editors cut off the quote right before R. Emden explains precisely that. Therefore, I assume that the omission is because they would rather not bring up that R. Emden had a fight with R. Eybeschütz, or that R. Emden viewed himself as having been correct. It is worth noting that the Sefer Hitavkut is not the only place R. Emden offers his victory as the reason for the name change. Rabbi Dr. Jacob J. Schacter, on page 754 (n.11) of his dissertation about Rabbi Jacob Emden (Harvard, 1988), refers to a passage in Mitpachat Sefarim (p. 118 in the Lemberg, 1871 ed. and p. 171 in the most recent 1995 ed. – provided below) where R. Emden says “that after he battled with IS”H [R. J. Eybeschütz] a name was added” — a play on the verse in Genesis 32:24, 28. So it is incorrect to assert, as the editors of HaMeor HaGodol do, that “why and when R. Emden’s name was changed is unclear.” Rabbi Schacter also notes that Emden’s earliest reference “to himself as ‘Yaakov Yisrael’ is in a responsum SY [She’elat Yaavetz] II:24) dated February 22, 1765. In another responsum dated just six days later (SY II:144), Emden was addressed as ‘Yaakov Yisrael.’ For other references to this name, see SY II:25, 71, 72, 73, 112, [and] 146” (p. 754, n.11 – special thanks to Rabbi Schacter for his discussions with Menachem Butler about this aspect about Rabbi Jacob Emden).

Thus, in the editors’ effort to highlight the connection of R. Meir to hassidim, they downplay any opposition R. Meir’s father, R. Jacob Emden, had to hassidism (see n.59). They apparently were unaware (?) that an additional important statement from R. Jacob Emden has recently been published. (see here )

One final note. It is particularly disappointing today to find a sefer that does not contain an index. With technology as it is today, publishers easily should be able to provide a decent index to a book; it is quite surprising, then, that Meor HaGodol, does not contain an index.

Notes
[1] There are other sources as well, including letters. Many of the letters are highly controversial as to their authenticity. See Moshe Rosman, Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba’al Shem Tov (University of California Press, 1996), 99-113, 119-126; Nahum Karlinsky, Historia SheKeneged (Jerusalem, 1998); and Immanuel Etkes, The Besht: Magician, Mystic and Leader (UPNE/Brandeis University Press, 2005), chapter six, “The Historicity of Shivhei Habesht,” 203-248, among many other sources.
[2] See Rosman, Founder of Hasidism, 143-155 and 162-8 (lending credence to some of the stories in Shivhei Ha-Besht based on governmental records), as well as his earlier article, “The History of a Historical Source: On the Editing of Shivhei Ha-Besht,” Zion 58 (1993): 175-214, and in his recently published monograph, Stories That Changed History: The Unique Career of Shivhei Ha-Besht (=The B.G. Rudolph Lectures in Judaic Studies, new series, 5) (Syracuse University Press, 2007), Rosman notes how through this text of some two hundred stories, one can “explore such themes as the Besht’s miraculous birth and childhood, his initiation into the mystical secrets, his revelations, his prayers, his dreams, his travels, his encounters with noblemen and priests, his contests with doctors, his attraction of various associates, and, most of all, the miracles, large and small, that he performs” (1). Rosman notes, as well, that over the past sixty years alone, “there have been five new Hebrew editions, some printed more than once; one Yiddish and two Hebrew reworkings; a German translation and critical edition, and an English translation printed four times. All this was in addition to various adaptations in fiction and in educational materials used by all types of Jewish schools, from Israeli secular to American Reform and Brooklyn Ultra-Orthodox” (24), and Rosman notes quite humorously how “Shivhei Ha-Besht has been analyzed as inspirational literature, political tract, holy writ, silly stories, historical source, and theological doctrine. It has entertained, inspired, embarrassed, inspired repentance, and formed the basis for doctoral dissertations. For nearly two hundred years it has been read with passion and diligence by people of many approaches and predilections. In search for the wellsprings of modern Jewish culture, it surely represents a unique source” (20).
[2a] For a discussion of the Shapira press see Ch. B. Friedberg, History of Hebrew Typography in Poland (Tel Aviv, 1950), 104-09 (discussing the Slavita period) and 135 (discussing the Shapira press in Zhitomer). For what precipitated the move, see Saul Moiseyevich Ginsburg, The Drama of Slavuta, trans. by Ephraim H. Prombaum (Lanham, Maryland, 1991).
[3] I have essentially used Rosman’s translation of this responsum.
[4] See Rosman, Founder of Hasidism, at 168.
[5] Dinur, B’Mifaneh HaDorot, vol. 1, pp. 205-6, cited in Rosman, Founder of Hasidism, 119 n.29.
[6] This is actually incorrect. The Baal Shem Tov does not sign himself as the Maggid of Medzhybizh, rather the final signatory, R. Moshe Yosef signs himself as the Maggid.
[7] 1795 is the death date given in HaMeor HaGadol, (there are no page numbers provided in the introduction thus I will use the footnote numbers to attempt to give a rough citation) at n.60. The source given is “a letter from R. Mordechai Blechman z”l the chief rabbi of Constantine to R. Hayyim Bick the chief rabbi of Medzhybizh.” The editors of HaMeor HaGodol, however, fail to provide where this source is located, i.e. is it in their possession, is it in some library or perhaps somewhere else. Moreover, they do not provide the context of the letter – was R. Meir’s death date mentioned in passing or was that the focus of the letter. Nor do they mention how R. Blechman knows this date. Did he pull it off of R. Meir’s tombstone or was it simply a legend? This sort of lack of information plagues the entire introduction of the Meor HaGodol.
This same death date, however, is given by Abraham Bick, Rebi Yaakov Emden (Jerusalem, 1974), 17, 182. Bick doesn’t either provide a source for this date. See also id. at 17-8, citing to where R. Jacob Emden and others quote R. Meir. About Bick’s 1974 biography, Schacter writes in his dissertation, that this work “is uncritical, incomplete and simply sloppy. it is barely more useful than an earlier historical novel in yiddish about emden by the general author with the same title published in New York, 1946. In general, all of Bick’s work is shoddy and irresponsible and cannot be taken seriously.” See Jacob J. Schacter, “Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Works,” (PhD dissertation, Harvard, 1988), 17.
The editors of HaMeor HaGodol explain that most of the biographical information on R. Meir comes from Kitvei HaGeonim (Pietrokov, 1928), 127-30, n.3. Additionally, R. Meir is mentioned a few times in his father’s autobiography, Megilat Sefer, Kahana ed., (Warsaw, 1896), 104 and 110. R. Jacob Emden mentions that he was unable to attend R. Meir’s wedding in 1732 even as his wife attended, though as Schacter notes in his dissertation, R. Emden had “travel[ed] to Amsterdam during this period” (152, n. 126).
[8] R. Meir was related to R. Rapoport through the marriage of R. Meir’s daughter to R. Hayyim HaKohen Rapoport’s grandson, Dov Bear. See R. Jonathan Eybeschütz, Luchot Edut (Altona, 1755), 62a. Additionally, R. Meir was the brother-in-law of R. Shlomo Chelm, author of the Merkevet HaMishna. One of the responsum in Mayim Hayyim, no. 28, from R. Meir is to R. Shlomo.
[9] In fact, this is the only reason why the responsum that includes the mention of the Ba’al Shem Tov appears in Mayim Hayyim. As mentioned above, when the Mayim Hayyim was published, it was done so not by R. Hayyim HaKohen Rapoport, the author of the bulk of the teshuvot, but instead by his son R. Yaakov. R. Hayyim had died prior to publishing his own works. Thus, R. Yaakov decided to include not only his father’s responsa but those from other relatives, as well. Thus, the Mayim Hayyim contains two title pages. After the first title page, the approbations that R. Hayyim received for his responsa are included (one additional later approbation is included but the main are addressed to R. Hayyim). R. Yaakov then included a second title page after which two additional approbations are included. These approbations were collected by R. Yaakov and mention not only R. Hayyim’s responsa but the inclusion of other luminaries including R. Meir. The second title page is used a division between the two types of approbations, those directed at R. Hayyim and those at the book Mayim Hayyim. It is worthwhile noting that in the electronic editions they have removed the second title page. For instance, www.hebrewbooks.org only includes the first. This is but one example of the need to actually obtain a hard copy of a book and not solely rely on such databases. See Anthony Grafton, “Future Reading, Digitization and its Discontents,” The New Yorker (Nov. 5, 2007) and his New Yorker web-supplement, “Adventures in Wonderland,” for other limitations of digitization.




Leket Yosher – A Closer Appraisal in Light of a Recent Controversy

In a recent discussion in the journal Or Yisrael concerning the permissibility of using ArtScroll gemaras — for PDFs of the articles, see here — one source deserves closer scrutiny. In particular, some authorities who are against the use of ArtScroll gemaras cite to a passage in the Leket Yosher in support of their opinion. Thus, an examination of the Leket Yosher is appropriate.

The Leket Yosher was compiled by R. Yosef ben Moshe (1423-c.1490), a student of R. Israel Isserlein (1390-1460), the author of the Terumat HaDeshen. The Leket Yosher records R. Isserlein’s customs and rulings. The Leket Yosher was the first work to base itself on the four part division of the Turim, however, only the sections on Orach Hayyim and Yoreh Deah are extant. While it appears that there was a third part on Even haEzer which is no longer extant, it is unclear whether there ever was a part on Hoshen Mishpat. [1] Leket Yosher [2] was not published until 1903 (Orach Hayyim; and in 1904 Yoreh Deah was published) by R. Ya’akov Freimann from Munich manuscript in R. Yosef’s own hand.[3] It has been published at least three times and today is typically available as part of a set of three minhagim works, Leket Yosher, Yosef Ometz and Noheg KaTzon Yosef.

The passage used by some in the discussion in Or Yisrael regarding ArtScroll, records the disapproval of R. Isserlein of the practice of “spoiled, rich kids” who used a revolving table to avoid having to get up and get a book. (vol. 2, p. 39). The passage reads in full:

“אותם הבחורים העשירים המפונקים שעשו להם שולחנות כשיושבין במקומן הופכין השולחן לאי זה צד שירצו ועליו הרבה ספרים לא טוב הם עושים, אדרבה כשמבקש אחר הספר ובא לו בטורח גודל זכור באותו מעשה מה שרוצה ללמוד, כמדומה לי שמצאתי לו סמך ב[יורה דעה] בסימן ג’ (שפח) ‘ולא כאלו שלומדין מתוך עידון’ וכו”

“Those rich, spoiled students that had made a revolving table which allowed for them to turn the table to get which ever book they wanted [without having to get up] such behavior is inappropriate. Instead, one who gets up to get a book and exerts themselves will remember that they had to look for the book [and will remember what the book said]. It seems to me [R. Yosef] that support for this position [that frowns upon the turntable] can be found in Yoreh Deah where it says “one should not study in luxury.'”

Thus, argue those you compare the turntable to ArtScroll Talmuds, Torah study should not be easy, and one should struggle in preforming that commandment. In other words, because studying with Talmud with an ArtScroll is easy, it is inappropriate for Torah study. As an initial matter, the comparison is somewhat strained in that the Leket Yosher is referring to those who are lazy and does not necessarily speak to someone who uses ArtScroll because they cannot otherwise study gemara (or the additional commentaries that ArtScroll provides) at all. But setting aside this difficulty, it does not appear that the Leket Yosher’s opinion in this regard is agreed upon by all. For example, R. Yitzchak Hutner, in his approbation to the Otzar Mifarshei HaTalmud, explains why the Otzar is a good thing. As many are aware, the Otzar collects all (or almost all) the literature on a particular passage of the gemara (or mishna as is the case with the volume on Hallah). This avoids the need to look through many books to see what, if anything, they have to say on a particular passage. R. Hutner cites to a statement from the Hazon Ish, that “people confuse looking (hipush) with study” and, according to R. Hutner, the Otzar eliminates that problem. Thus, it can be argued that both according to R. Hutner and the Hazon Ish, there is no benefit or merit per se in the act of getting a book or looking to see if that book has anything relevant. This appears in conflict with the Leket Yosher.

Similarly, when the Vilna Shas was printed many years ago, the story goes that the printers said that whoever finds a mistake in this heavily invested shas will get rewarded. In the excellent book, Derech Etz Chaim (p. 568) about R’ Isser Zalman Meltzer, they record a story that a printer of a current Yerushalmi visited the Steipler with the idea to print a Yerushalmi in a similar format to the Talmud Bavli and to have, amongst other things, many commentaries in the back. When the Steipler heard this, he said that R. Meltzer used to complain that there’s a very big printing mistake in the Vilna Shas. Specifically, that in the Vilna Shas many commentaries in the back, but each commentary is 3 pages so you have to look 50 times for the same thing. R Isser Zalman wanted that they should put it in order of the Blatt, so he recommended that they not make the same mistake and do the same for the Talmud Yerushalmi.[4]

Setting aside R. Hutner and Hazon Ish, what is worthwhile to point out is the passage immediately preceding the above quoted passage in the Leket Yosher. The Leket Yosher records the following question and answer:
“ושאלתי לו קטן שהולך בדרך לא טובה כגון משכב זכר ועובר על לאו לא תגנוב אם מותר ללמדו תורה ואמר הן”

“And I asked [R. Isserlein] a student who sin, with sins such as homosexuality or stealing should they be taught Torah? Answer, Yes.”
To be clear, the the Leket Yosher allows for the teaching of homosexual students. Now, obviously this passage, although immediately preceding the discussion about the revolving table, is not germane to the later topic, but I have never seen this passage quoted anywhere else, even though it appears to be espousing a fairly unique position both in the realm of Jewish education and attitudes towards homosexuality. [I have been informed that it is mentioned in R. M. Ashkenazi, Hilkhot Talmud Torah, however, even so it is not well-known by any definition.]
Since we are on the topic of the Leket Yosher it is also worthwhile to point out some of the other interesting observations related to the Leket Yosher. Perhaps the most important fact to come from the Leket Yosher is that the assumption, first espoused by the Taz and expanded upon by others, that the Terumat HaDeshen was not the product of actual questions and answers and instead R. Isserlein made up the questions himself and therefore, according to some, the Terumat HaDeshen is not authoritative. As R. Freimann demonstrates, however, this is incorrect. Instead, actual events as recorded in the Leket Yosher can be matched with teshuvot in the Terumat HaDeshen thus demonstrating that the questions in Terumat HaDeshen were based upon actual events and were not fabricated.[5]

Perversely, the criticism of the Terumat HaDeshen was turned on its head and applied to the Leket Yosher. Specifically, the Sanzer Rebbi in his Divrei Yatziv (E.A. 39), claims that one cannot rely upon the Leket Yosher as it records actual events and one cannot decide halakha from events. This is inapposite of those who complain that the Terumat HaDeshen is not reliable because the questions do not relate to real events. It appears that the position of the Sanzer Rebbi has not been accepted as R. Moshe Feinstein (which is especially noteworthy in light of his general disapproval of newly discovered works), R. Ovadiah Yosef, Daayan Weiss, R. Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and many others all cite with approval the Leket Yosher. Moreover, the Sanzer Rebbi himself is at least five other places[6] in Divrei Yatziv cites with approval the Leket Yosher. In only one other instance does he couch his citation of the Leket Yosher (E.A. 78) with a disclaimer “that is is unclear whether the Leket Yosher is reliable.”

Other interesting comments in the Leket Yosher include: R. Yosef, in 1456, records that he saw Halley’s Comet [7] (vol. 2, pp. 17-8), R. Isserlein used to tell Torah riddles on the first days of Pesach and Shavous and Purim (vol. 1, pp. 103-4), R. Isserlein’s daughter-in-law, Redel, studied Torah (vol. 2, p. 37), and the restriction against walking behind a woman is no longer applicable (id.).

Notes:

[1] See Freimann’s introduction XIII. Friemann’s introduction appears at the beginning of volume two on Yoreh Deah. The first volume, on Orach Hayyim has no introduction.

[2] Aside from being unique in it use of the Turim’s division, the Leket Yosher, has another unique attribute. As Professor Y.S. Spiegel has pointed out the title employed, Leket Yosher, hints not only to the authors own name (as is a a somewhat common practice – see Spiegel for more on this practice) but also to R. Yosef’s teacher, R. Isserlein as well. Specifically, the numerical value of Leket Yosher and is ישראל יוזלין Yisrael is for R. Isserlein Yozlin is for Yosef. See, Y.S. Spiegel, Toldot Sefer haIvrei, vol. 2 p. 411.

[3] For additional biographical and bibliographical information see generally Freimann’s introduction. For some reason neither R. M.M. Kasher in Sa’arei HaElef or Glick in Kuntres HaTeshuvot HaHadash or in the earlier version by Boaz Cohen has an entry for Leket Yosher.

[4] It is, however, worth pointing out that R. Isser Zalman Meltzer held that part of ameilus batorah is getting up a taking a sefer out of the bookshelf. Thus he would never allow anyone to get him a sefer. He would get it himself. According to R’ Shach explained that there were 2 reasons for this. One is because he didn’t want anyone to help him, and two because of his ameilus batorah.

Likewise, in the same book (p. 181) they record that R. Aharon Kotler uses the Gemara in Menochot where Avumy forgot something that he said. He turned to his talmid R. Chisda to remind him how he explained a certain topic. The gemara asks why he didn’t send his talmid to come to him. Rashi says that it’s because of yegata u’motzasa (he worked and he found). R’ Aharon deduces that going yourself is part of the learning.

In an effort to avoid having to get up to get books R. Teichtel writes to his father R. Yissachar Teichtel, author of Am habonim Semacha, that when R. Yissachar visited R. Menachem Zemba, he had sitting on the table in front of him, a gemara with Rambam and all of chazal so that way he wouldn’t have to waste time and get up every time he needed to look up something. (letters in Tal Talpios, mentioned here, on page 44).

R. Meir Bar-Ilan, in a beautiful chapter of his classic MiVolozhin l’Yerushalayim (p. 269), in describing how his uncle, the R. Yechiel Michel Epstein, author of the Arukh HaShulhan, wrote his work said that R. Epstein also had a Rambam, shas and Shulchan Orach on the table and reference everything without having to move.

[5] See id. at XIV and id. note 40 discussing those who make the claim that the Terumat HaDeshen was not addressing actual cases and thus cannot be relied upon and specific statements in Leket Yosher that connect to the Terumat HaDeshen. R. Freimann discussed most of the literature on this topic only a few further cites should be added. To wit, Y.A. Dinari, Hakhme Ashkenaz be-Shelei Yemi HaBenayim, Jerusalem, 1984, pp. 303-5; Zevin, Soferim veSeforim, vol. Teshuvos, p. 14; R. P. Horowitz, Sefer HaBrit, p. 162, discussing the phenomenon of fictional responsa.

See also the comments of R. Munk in Pa’as Sadecha, who specifically rejects the notion that the Leket Yosher is not a reliable work. Instead, R. Munk states that the Leket Yosher was written with extreme care and can be relied upon.

In the newest edition of the Terumat HaDeshen, edited by Shmuel Avitan (Jerusalem, 1991), the editor is completely dismissive of R. Freimann. Although Avitan neither mentions Freimann by name nor explains why Freimann is wrong. This attitude is particularly striking in that R. Freimann devotes some 50 pages to an extensive and well documented introduction of the Leket Yosher as well as related topics. Avitan, on the other hand, is satisfied with a two page introduction that adds almost nothing to either the Terumat HaDeshen the work or R. Isserlein the person and in fact borrows heavily, many times without citation, from R. Freimann’s introduction. [It appears Avitan was not even aware of Dinari’s work.] For example, Avitan deals with when R. Isserlein refers to “one of the great ones – אחד מהגדולים” if R. Isserlein is referring exclusively to the Maharil. Freimann was the first to demonstrate that this reference is not exclusive to the Maharil. Avitan, also comes to the very same conclusion, without mentioning Freimann or even as Avitan is wont, “the introduction to the Leket Yosher.”

Aside from claiming that the responsa are fictional, others have made a distinction between the “teshuvot” and the “pesakim” of R. Isserlein. See Dinari, Hakhme Ashkenaz, p. 303-4 n. 223.

[6] Divrei Yatziv Orach Hayyim nos. 179, 236, 295, 297; Yoreh Deah 31.

[7] For a later mention of seeing a comet see Glikel Zikhronot, ed. C. Turnyanski, Jerusalem, 2006, p. 605 n. 314.




Baruch Oberlander — A Note on the New Edition of the Or Zarua

Rabbi Baruch Oberlander is the rabbi in Budapest, Hungary, since 1989, and is the editor of Tel Talpiot. He has published many articles in the journal Ohr Yisroel and is the world’s leading expert on the forged Yerushalmi Kodashim.

This is his first contribution to the Seforim blog.

משהו אודות עריכת הספר “אור זרוע” מהדורה החדשה

מאת

הרב ברוך אבערלאנדער
אב”ד בבודאפשט, הונגריה

התעלמות ממהדורה קודמת של פירוש רבינו שמואל מפלייזא על פיוט שבת הגדול

בימים אלו רכשתי לעצמי כרך מפואר של ספר “אור זרוע השלם” לרבינו יצחק ב”ר משה מוינא, שיצא-לאור על-ידי “מכון תורני ישיבת אור עציון” בשיתוף עם “מכון ירושלים”. לידי הגיע הכרך השני שיצא לאור בשנת תשס”ו. הכרך הזה כולל בתוכו כל הלכות המועדים (כולל דיני שמחות-אבלות) ודיני זרעים, שכוללים הלכות כלאים, ערלה, חדש ושביעית.

מתוך כל הספר הגדול הזה שמתקרב ל-900 עמודים אתייחס רק לסימן רנו שהוא כעשירית הספר (עמודים נו-קנד), מפני המיוחד שבו: סימן זה הרי הוא כספר בתוך ספר. המחבר רבינו יצחק העתיק לכאן את כל פירושו של אחד מגדולי בעלי התוספות בדורו, רבינו שמואל מפלייזא [צרפת] (חי בסוף האלף החמישי ובתחילת האלף הששי), לפיוט “א-ל א-להי הרוחות” של רבינו יוסף טוב עלם (מראשוני חכמי צרפת, בן דורו של רגמ”ה), שנהגו רוב בני אשכנז לאומרו ביוצרות לשבת הגדול. פיוט זה מפרט את כל הלכות הפסח. הר”ש מפלייזא משתמש בפיוט כבסיס לדיונים מפורטים בהלכות פסח ובהלכות הקשורות להן, ומפרש אותו על פי פסקיהם ומנהגיהם של גאוני צרפת.

הספר יצא-לאור כפי שנאמר ב’שער’ “במהדורה חדשה ומתוקנת על פי כתבי-יד עם שינויי נוסחאות, מקורות וביאורים”, וב’מבוא’ מפורט שדברי הר”ש מפלייזא הגיעו אלינו בחמש כתבי-יד שונים (2 כת”י ‘אור זרוע’ – אמסטרדם ופרנקפורט, ועוד 3 כת”י – וטיקן, מוסקבה ופרמא).

לאחרי עיון קל ב’מבוא’ וב’ביאורים’ לספר הבחנתי מיד שיש כאן התעלמות מוחלטת ממהדורה קודמת של פירוש הר”ש מפלייזא. הגאון הרב גבריאל ציננער, שנודע בעיקר בסידרת ספריו ‘נטעי גבריאל’ הלכות ומנהגים על המועדים, הוציא לאור בשנת תשמ”ה את הספר “אוצר פסקי הראשונים”[1], שרובו הנו פירושו של הר”ש מפלייזא על-פי כת”י וטיקן ופארמא (הוא אמנם ידע כבר על כת”י מוסקבה, אבל לא הצליח להשיגו, כפי שמספר ע”ז ב’מבוא’), עם הרבה ביאורים וחידושים. ספרו זה של הרב ציננער ידוע בעולם התורה [2] וגם בחוגי האקדמיה,[3] והפלא שמהדירי ה’אור זרוע’ לא התייחסו אליו בכלל.

נוסחאות ומקורות ‘בקיאותיים’ לעומת נוסחאות מכתב-יד ומקורות ידועים מראש

עבודת המהדירים של ה’אור זרוע’ שלפנינו מתחלקת לשנים: החלק הראשון הנו ההדרת הטקסט על-פי הכת”י בצירוף אפאראט של שינויי נוסחאות, והחלק השני הנו ביאורים. המהדירים התייחסו בכובד ראש לשני חלקי עבודתם גם יחד, ואכן בספר המודפס תופס בממוצע הטקסט והנוסחאות חציו העליון של העמוד, וחציו התחתון של העמוד מוקדש לביאורים. מבחינת הנוסחאות לא יכלו המהדירים להיעזר כל כך במהדורת הרב ציננער, שהרי בעוד שהוא עבד עם כת”י וטיקן (בתוספת כמה דברים שהעתיק מכת”י פארמא), עבדו הם, כאמור, עם חמשה כתבי-יד, וברוב הפעמים נראה שהם דייקו יותר[4] בהעתקת הכתבי-יד.[5] אבל במסגרת הביאורים יכלו להיעזר בבקיאותו הגאונית של הרב ציננער, אך בשל ההתעלמות מעבודתו החשובה יצאו הם – ואנחנו הקוראים אחריהם! – מופסדים, וחבל על דאבדין.

הרב ציננער (לקמן אציין אל ספרו בקיצור: אפס”ר) בהערותיו מבאר, מציין ומפלפל באריכות גדולה כיד ה’ הטובה עליו על כל פרט ופרט שבדברי הר”ש מפלייזא, ובנוסף הצליח למצוא עשרות מקומות שבהם נעתקו דברי הר”ש מפלייזא בספרי הראשונים[6] והאחרונים, מהמרדכי והמהרי”ל, ועד ל’משנה ברורה’, ודברי הר”ש מפלייזא מתפרשים ומתבארים כשמלה. ואכן בעוד שבנוסחאות של כתבי-יד הרי אין זה נחלתו הטבעית של תלמיד חכם רבני מסוגו של הרב ציננער, הרי בכך מתייחדת עבודתו של הרב ציננער שהוא הצליח בבקיאותו הטבעית לחשוף נוסחאות וביאורים במקורות חריגים אצל ראשונים ואחרונים, בהם הובאו דברי הר”ש, והם מקורות שאינם ידועים למהדיר שקדן מקצועי שרק מחפש מקורות והשוואות במקומות גלויים וידועים מראש.

דוגמאות על מקורות ‘בקיאותיים’ שיש במהדורה הקדומה

ואציין בזה כמה דוגמאות ממה דאתי לידי תוך כדי דפדוף בספר:
* ב’אור זרוע’ עמ’ פח כותב הר”ש: “ואני שמעתי ממורי רבינו מנחם בשם בן רבינו יב”א שהיה אומר…”, ובהערה 605 הועתקו גירסאות שונות מכתבי-היד. – אפס”ר (עמ’ עו הערה כה) מפנה למרדכי פסחים סי’ תקנב, ששם הובאו הדברים בגירסא שונה: “כתב הרב רבי שמואל מפלמיז”א בשם רבו הקדוש רבינו שלמה מדרו”ש שקיבל מרבו ר”י ברבי אברהם…”.

* בעמ’ פח בסופו כותב הר”ש: “וכן נמצא בתשובת רבינו שלמה”, ובהערה ריח העירו המהדירים שב’מחזור ויטרי’ שלפנינו זה לא מפורש. – אפס”ר (עמ’ עז הערה לט) מפנה בין השאר לחידושי תלמיד הרשב”א לפסחים לא, א ששם נעתקו באריכות דברי רש”י.

* בעמ’ קב כותב הר”ש: “ותשובת גאוני לותיר ראיתי, שכל האוכל מצה מלוחה כאילו אכל חמץ בפסח”, ומעירים המהדירים בהערה שה: “לא מצאנו תשובה זו במקום אחר”. ואילו היו מעיינים באפס”ר (עמ’ צב) היו מרוויחים שני דברים. 1) שם נדפס ע”פ כת”י וטיקן: “ובתשובת…”, וזה מקל על הקריאה כאן. 2) בהערה סח ציין בין השאר גם למרדכי פסחים סי’ תקצד, שגם שם מובא תשובת גאוני לותיר זה, והוסיף לציין ל’מעשה הגאונים’ סי’ כד ועוד.

* בעמ’ קג כותב הר”ש: “והמצות צריכות שיהיו אפויות יפה, ואם לאו ישרפו מיד. והשיעור, כדי שפורסה ואין חוטין נמשכין ממנה”. ובהערה שז מעירים בדברי רבינו אלו. ואילו היו מעיינים באפס”ר היו מרוויחים גם כאן. 1) בהמשך הדברים נדפס כאן: “תדע דאמר וכן לענין לחמי תודה”, ושם נדפס ע”פ כת”י וטיקן: “ותדע דאמרינן…”. 2) בהערה עד מציין שדברי רבינו אלו מובאים במרדכי סי’ תר (כצ”ל), ומובא גם ב ב’ביאור הלכה’ של ה’משנה ברורה’ סי’ תסא ס”ג שהאריך לבארו.

בסבך העריכות של פירוש הר”ש מפלייזא וחלקו של בעל ‘אור זרוע’ בפתרון הסבך

כאמור, מציינים המהדירים ב’מבוא’ שבעריכת דברי הר”ש השתמשו הם ב-5 כתבי-יד שונים, אבל אין מציינים באופן ברור איזה נוסחאות נכנסו לפנים ואיזה מהם ירדו רק למדור הנוסחאות. אין המהדירים מגלים באיזה שיטה השתמשו: אקלקטית או דיפלומטית. אמנם הם כותבים בעמ’ 12: “מבדיקת כה”י ברור שכה”י מ [מוסקבה], ר [פארמא] הם מהדורה אחרת קדומה יותר ושלימה יותר של פירוש הר”ש, בעוד שכ”י ט [וטיקן] הוא מהדורת ביניים… פירוש הפיוט המובא באו”ז הוא קצור של הפרוש המקורי”.[7]

הדברים לא כ”כ ברורים, שהרי באם הם מרמזים כאן שהר”ש מפלייזא הוציא מתחת-ידו שתי מהדורות של הפירוש, הרי אז היו צריכים להדפיס את שתי המהדורות, או רק את המהדורה האחרונה, ואין לכל זה אף רמז בכל הספר. ועל כן אני נוטה להבין שהם התכוונו רק לומר שכה”י מ-ר שמר על הפירוש “הקדום והמקורי” כפי שיצא מתחת ידי המחבר, ואילו כה”י ט “הוא מהדורת ביניים” ששמר הרבה חלקים כפי שכתבם המחבר, אבל כבר נרגשים בו עריכה – מעשי ידי המעתיק, ואילו ב’אור זרוע’ נמצא “קצור של הפרוש המקורי”, שנשתנה הרבה מכפי שהמחבר כתבם.[8] ועל-פי האמור מסתבר שנוסח פנים הספר מיוסד על גירסת כת”י מ-ר.[9]

לאור האמור נבדוק קטע בעייתי אחד בעמ’ ק. שם כותב הר”ש: “…והיינו לאכול בשבת שלש סעודות, כמו שאבאר בע”ה [= בעזרת השם]…”, והנה בהערה 843 הם מציינים שברוב הכת”י (א-פ-מ-ר) הגירסא “בערב שבת” במקום “בע”ה” שנדפס בפנים. הרי שבמקום זה נדפס הפנים על-פי כת”י וטיקן (וכפי שתוקן במהדורת תרכ”ב), למרות שיחידאה היא! כנראה שהפעם לא רצו להסתמך על כתה”י מ-ר שנחשבים בעיניהם כהכי אמינים, שהרי “כמו שאבאר בערב שבת” אין לו שום מובן. אבל גם “כמו שאבאר בעזרת השם” לא פתר לנו את הבעיה, שהרי בהמשך הפירוש אין הר”ש דן בדיני שבת וסעודה שלישית, וא”כ למה הוא כוון כשכתב “כמו שאבאר”?

הברקה גאונית בענין זה נמצא באפס”ר בעמ’ לב. לדבריו “יתכן שזוהי הוספת האור זרוע עצמו שהוסיף בשעת ההעתקה, וכוונתו באמת למה שמבאר בהלכות ‘ערב שבת’ סימן נ”ה. ויש מקום לפי זה להשערה שמה שנדפס באו”ז כמה פעמים בשם ‘אבא מארי נ”ע’ שזה לא נמצא בשאר ההעתקות,[10] ויתכן שזהו באמת הוספת האו”ז ואינו מרבינו שמואל מפלייזא”. השערה זו עדיין צריכה עיון, שהרי עפ”ז נצטרך לומר שתיקוניו של ה’אור זרוע’ נכנסו גם לכתבי היד שאין להם קשר לספר ‘אור זרוע’, אבל יש לנו כאן קצה חוט שאולי יפתור לנו את הבעיה. ובאם יתברר שהדברים מסתברים, אולי נוכל לשער גם שהוא היה זה שקיצר את פירוש הר”ש כשהעתיקו לספרו (ואז אפשר אולי לשער שהשמיט בעיקר את הדברים שלא הסכים אתם).

בקשר לקביעת הנוסחאות אני רוצה לעורר על עוד נקודה. לפני התחלת הפירוש (בעמ’ נו) ישנם חרוזים, בהם מבקש המחבר מאלוקים שיצליח בעבודתו “לבאר נכוחות”. משום מה לא ראיתי הערה במדור הנוסחאות שבכת”י וטיקן חסרים החרוזים, כפי שיראה כל מעיין בצילום הכת”י שמופיע אחרי ה’מבוא’ עמ’ 22, אמנם זה מופיע בכת”י מוסקבה שצילומו מופיע שם עמ’ 20. החרוזים פותחים ככה: “אלקי הרוחות, המגיד שיחות…”, בהערה 1 ישנו הערה: “אלקי: א-פ א-להי”, כנראה כוונת ההערה לגלות לנו שבכת”י א-פ במקום “אלקי” נאמר שם “א-להי”. אבל באם ככה יש כאן כמה דברים מוזרים מאד: 1) האם באמת סופר כת”י א-פ שם מקף בין האותיות א ו-ל? אינו עולה על הדעת! 2) האם באמת בשאר כתה”י נאמר “אלקי” עם ק’ במקום ה’? גם זה אינו עולה על הדעת, כי הרי החומרא שלא לכתוב שם ה’ כצורתו אינו אלא מהחומרות של הדורות האחרונים.[11] 3) הפירוש מתחיל: “אלקי הרוחות. קרא כתיב…”, ובמדור הנוסחאות לא צויין כלום ע”ז, האם זה מלמד שבכל הכתבי-יד נאמר כאן “אלקי” עם קוף, אין זה עולה על הדעת בפעם השלישית! וההוכחה לכל זה הם צילומי שני הכתבי-יד הנ”ל שבתחילת הספר שרואים שבכת”י וטיקן ובכת”י מוסקבה נאמר: “אלהי”.[12]

עוד דוגמאות על חובבנות והעדר מקצועיות

ההרגשה שהספר לא נערך בצורה מקצועית ומדויקת, אלא יש בערכיה מן הרשלנות והחובבנות, מתקבלת מעוד דברים קטנים שצדו עיני.[13] ולדוגמא, ידועים הנאמר בתוספות לעבודה זרה (עד, ב ד”ה דרש): “וכן פירשתי בסדר ביעור חמץ בקרובץ שבת הגדול שיסד רבינו יוסף ט”ע”, הרי שדברים אלו נעתקו מפי כתבו של הר”ש מפלייזא, שהוא מחברו של הפירוש לקרובץ של שבת הגדול. ועל יסוד זה נקבע גם ש”התוספות שלנו לעבודה זרה אינן אליבא דאמת אלא עיבוד של תוספותיו של ר’ שמואל עצמו למסכת זו.”[14] אפס”ר (עמ’ פ הערה סז) מעתיק דברי התוספות בלשונם, ומראה שאכן הדברים נמצאים בפירוש שלפנינו. מהדירי ה’אור זרוע’ לא העריכו דברים אלו, ועל כן הם ציינו בצורה לקונית (עמ’ צב הערה רמא): “דעתו זו של רבינו הר”ש מפלייזא… המבוארת להלן הובאה בתוס’ (ע”ז עד, ב ד”ה דרש)”. והרי זה לא “הובאה”, אלא שהר”ש בעצמו הזכירו גם שם.

ואעיר בזה על עוד דבר הצריך תיקון, כיון שלא ירדו לסוף דברי הר”ש. בעמ’ ק בפיוט נאמר: “רקיקי מצות עושין זכר לעיגון”, ומפרש הר”ש: “זכר לעיגון. שאכלו לחם עוני”, ומעירים בהערה רצ: “רבינו פירש תיבת ‘עיגון’ מלשון עוני. ולולי דבריו היה אולי מקום לפרש שהכוונה לעוגות כמו שנאמר: ‘ויאפו את הבצק… עוגות מצות’ (שמות יב, לט)”. וקצת תמוה לי שבביאור לדברי אחד מגדולי בעלי התוספות מרגישים הם צורך לפרש באופן אחר “לולי דבריו” – בדבר שאינו מוסיף להבנת הסוגיא וכד’. ובנוגע לגוף הדברים לא הבנתי, מה הקשר בין המלה “עיגון” לעוני? ומעניין שלפני זה בעמ’ צט הערה רפ כותבים המהדירים: “ורבינו מפרשו שאופים רקיקים ‘זכר לעיגון’ לשון צער”.

והנה ב”מחזור חלק שני כמנהג ק”ק אשכנזים”, עם פירושו של הרב משה בון סג”ל, נדפס בהומבורג (לאחרי שנת תקס”ד, שנת ההסכמה),[15] בפירושו לפיוט (רנג, ב) הוא מפרש: “לעגון. לשון הלהן תעגנה”, וחיפוש בתקליטור יגלה שהמלה “תעגנה” מופיע פעמיים בתנ”ך. ברות (א, יג) נאמר: “הלהן תעגנה לבלתי היות לאיש”, ומפרש רש”י שם: “תעגנה. לשון אסור כלא כמו עג עוגה ועמד בתוכה”; וביחזקאל (ד, יב) נאמר: “ועוגת שעורים תאכלנה, והיא בגללי צאת האדם תעגנה לעיניהם”, ומפרש רש”י שם: “בגללי צאת האדם תעגנה. תאפינה בגחליהם שמייבשן ושורפן”, ומשמע שכאן מפרש “תעגנה” מלשון “עוגות”.[16] ועפ”ז אפשר לבאר דברי הר”ש מפלייזא כאן בשני אופנים. לפי פרש”י ביחזקאל מתפרש “זכר לעיגון” שהמצות הם זכר לעוגות לחם עוני (וכפי פירוש “לולי דבריו” שהציעו המהדירים!), ולפי פרש”י ברות זה מתפרש מלשון כלא, שהמצות הם זכר ללחם עוני שאכלו כשהיו אסורים במצרים.[17].

אני חושש שהדוגמאות שהבאתי לעיל לא עצמן יצא אלא על הכלל כולו יצא, למרות גודל עבודתם שמהדירי ה’אור זרוע’ השקיעו בעריכת הנוסח ובביאור הספר – השאירו עדיין בקעה פרוצה, ועבודתו של הרב ציננער באפס”ר היה יכול לשמש כחומר משובח שאתו היו יכולים לסתום הרבה פרצות,[18] ולכן עד שלא תופיע מהדורה מושלמת אני מציע להשתמש בשתי המהדורות גם יחד.

לסיום אעיר גם על החידוש שהכניסו לספר, שכל ציטוט מתנ”ך או תלמוד המובא בדברי ה’אור זרוע’ או בדברי הר”ש מודפס באותיות מובלטות, ודבר זה לא מצינו לו חבר, ואני חושש שלהרבה קוראים זה יפריע – כמו שזה הפריע לי.

ומכיון שניתן רשות להעיר, הרי כאן המקום להעיר על מבול הביאורים שהכניסו המהדירים לתוך ספר, שזוהי הסיבה שספר ‘אור זרוע’ שעד היום היה מודפס בשני כרכים דקים בלבד, הרי מעתה סידרה של ספרים עם אלפי עמודים. וחבל שאין המהדירים יודעים את סוד הצמצום כפשוטו וכמשמעו, שאין דבריהם אמורים להיות אלא הערות קצרות מוכרחות המחזיקות את המרובה בשולי הגליון, דוגמת הערותיו של גדול מהדירי כתבי-יד של רבותינו הראשונים בדור הקודם, הר”א סופר. וכדאי לצטט בקשר לזה ההגדרה הקולעת של הגרש”י זוין[19]: “…הרי כאן מעין ‘טלית קטן גדול’… תפס הביאור את מקומו של העיקר, ונדחקו רגליו של האחרון”…

הערות
1. עזרתי לו אז בכמה דברים שהיו קשורים לספר, והוא הזכירני לטובה בסוף ה’הקדמה’.
2. ראה לדוגמא הרב גדלי’ אבערלאנדער: ‘מנהג אבותינו בידינו’ חלק ב, ניו יארק תשס”ו, עמ’ שלו הערה 32; שם עמ’ תיד הערה 11; הרב יצחק שילת: “על הראשונים”, מעלה אדומים תשנ”ח, עמ’ עט מס’ קעח. ועוד. וזכורני שלפני כ-5 שנים יצא לאור במונסי (על-ידי אחד מקהל עדת ישרון) ביאור לפיוט ‘אלהי הרוחות’ – מיוסד על ביאורו של הר”ש מפלייזא כפי שזה מופיע באפס”ר של הרב ציננער, ואינו תח”י כעת.
3. ראה לדוגמא פרופ’ י”מ תא-שמע: “מנהג אשכנז הקדמון”, ירושלים תשנ”ט, עמ’ 250 הערה 2; שם עמ’ 265 הערה 6 (וראה שם ובעמ’ 277 הערה 9 הערות חשובות בביאור דברי הר”ש מפלייזא); פרופ’ א’ גרוסמן: “חכמי צרפת הראשונים”, ירושלים תשנ”ה, עמ’ 55 הערה 38.
4. ולדוגמא באספ”ר עמ’ פג נדפס: “והר’ יעקב בר’ שמשון הגיה וסכין”, וזה טעות המעתיק, והנכון כמו שהדפיסו ב’אור זרוע’ (עמ’ צד): “ופכין”, ובהערה 738 ציינו שבכת”י וטיקן הגירסא: “ובדין”. אמנם בסוף עמ’ צ נדפס: “כי לא באת תקלה על ידם”, ובהערה 670 צויין שבכת”י וטיקן הגירסא: “ידין”, ולדעתי הנכון בזה כבאפס”ר עמ’ פ: “על ידיו”, כי לפעמים (אמנם נדיר) ישנו בכת”י וטיקן וא”ו אריכתא, וגם כאן מסתבר כן.
5. יש לציין שבאפס”ר (עמ’ פ הערה סג) נעתק קטע ארוך “הוספה” על-פי כת”י וטיקן. נמשך בזה אחרי פרופ’ א”א אורבך: “בעלי התוספות”, ירושלים תש”מ, ח”א עמ’ 464 הערה 18, שקבע שב”בכ”י הוואטיקאנה 266 נמצאת כאן הוספה” ומעתיקו בארוכה. אבל בדיקת כתב-היד מגלה שטעה בזה, כי אין זה הוספה אלא לדברי הסמ”ג, שדבריו הועתקו בכת”י אחרי פירושו של הר”ש מפלייזא. וטוב עשו מהדירי ה’אור זרוע’ שלא התייחסו לזה (בעמ’ צא).
6. וכעת יש להוסיף גם את “סדר פסח לתלמיד הריצב”א”, שנתפרסם בקובץ ‘עץ חיים’ (באבוב), ניסן תשס”ז (ג), עמ’ יח-לז. וראה שם עמ’ טו.
7. וראה עוד מאמרו של הרב שלום קליין: “מים שלנו – דעת הר”ש מפלייזא והשלכותיה”, ‘מוריה’, ניסן-אייר תשס”ד, עמ’ ד (צויין גם במבוא כאן הערה 7).
8. אין הם מעלים לדיון האם ניתן לומר שרבינו יצחק, מחבר ה’אור זרוע’, הוא זה שקיצר וערך את הפירוש כשהעתיקו לספרו (וראה עוד לקמן).
9. בעיה קיימת גם בקשר לנוסח הפיוט שהדפיסו בספר, גם כאן לא צויין באופן ברור מקור הנוסח. אבל ב’מבוא’ עמ’ 12 נאמר: “יש לציין כי בכה”י מ, ר מובא גם נוסח הפיוט עצמו ואנו ציינו את שנויי הנוסח מהנוסח המקובל המובא בסידורים”, ניסוח מעורפל, וכנראה הכוונה שנוסח הפיוט נדפס עפ”י נוסחת כת”י מ-ר, ובמדור הנוסחאות צוינו שינויים על-פי נוסחאות הסידורים (בלי לפרט איזה סידורים). ואינו ברור האם באמת אין שום כת”י אחר שבו מופיע הפיוט? ובכל אופן כבר בהתחלת הפיוט (בעמ’ נו הערה 4) צויין בהערה 4 גירסה שונה לפיוט ע”פ כת”י מ-ר, הרי שהפנים נדפס כאן כנראה ע”פ “הנוסח המקובל המובא בסידורים”? (כנראה כדי שיתאים למובא בהערה 13).
10. הכוונה שלא נמצא בכת”י וטיקן, ראה אפס”ר עמ’ מז והערה מט (‘אור זרוע’ עמ’ ס הערה 90) ועמ’ מט הערה ע (והנמצא באו”ז עמ’ סב הערה 129 כנראה טעות, וצ”ל: ט חסר).
11. וראה דבר מעניין ב”לקט מתשובות מו”ר הרב יוסף בן דוד קאפח זצ”ל”, בתוך: “ספר זכרון להרב קאפח”, רמת גן תשס”א, עמ’ 33-34: “שאלה: כבוד תורתו אמר לי, שמותר להגיד אלוקים בה”א ואין צורך להגיד בקו”ף… תשובה: …מה שעניתי נכון כי חז”ל לא החמירו אלא ביוד הא וכו’… אבל להזכירם בתוך שטף דברים יהיו אשר יהיו מותר, ואף מצוה לאמרן כמו שהן, כי הסירוס הזה בקו”ף לדעתי ולמשמע אזני, גנאי הדבר ומכוער מאוד, גם כלפי הדיוט, כ”ש כלפי שמים. ואני בטוח שלא שאלת להזכירו לבטלה. אלא שאזניך כבר מלאים מן הכינוי המשובש אלקים צבקות, ולכך אינך כבר חש את הזרות ואת הכיעור שבדבר…”, וראה שם בהערות 17-18 מה שכתבו הפוסקים בענין זה.
12. טעויות הללו נמצאים גם באפס”ר.
13. דומה לזה הנאמר בעמ’ נו הערה א: “הועלתה אפשרות כי רבינו הר”ש היה רבו של המהר”ם מרוטנבורג. ור’ בהרחבה במבוא”, וזה מה שנאמר ב’מבוא’ (תחילת עמ’ 12): “הר”ש היה רבו של המהר”ם מרוטנבורג”, אין כאן שום הרחבה ואף לא צויין מקור לקביעה. אמנם הדברים מבוארים ב”בעלי התוספות” שם ח”א עמ’ 461 הערה 3; ח”ב עמ’ 528. אחד המקורות לזה הוא הנאמר בפירוש מהר”ם לנגעים (פ”א מ”א): “ומורי הרב ר’ שמואל זצ”ל מקשטטיירי [Chateau Thierry] פירש לנו בשבועות”. ויש לציין לדבר מוזר בספר “בעלי התוספות” בענין זה. במהדורה קודמת זיהה אורבך את רבי שמואל מקשטטיירי עם רבי שמואל מאיברא, עקבות לזה נשארו גם במהדורת תש”מ, ב’מפתח השמות’ שבסוף ח”ב עמ’ 787 נאמר: “ר’ שמואל מקשטל טיירי ראה ר’ שמואל ב”ר שניאור מאיברא”, ושוב כשהתברר לו שזה אינו אלא הר”ש מפלייזא תיקנו בעמ’ 461 שצוין לעיל, ושכח לתקן את ‘מפתח השמות’. ועוד יותר חמור, שבעמ’ 528 ברשימת רבותיו של הר”מ מרוטנבורג הוסיף את הר”ש מפלייזא, אבל לא הוריד את הר”ש מאיברא, וכך הוא כותב: “הוא רואה את רבותיו בר’ עזרא ממונקונטור, ר’ יחיאל מפאריז, ר’ שמואל מפלייז, ור’ שמואל מאיברא, בימי ישיבתו בקשטלטיירי”… [אחת ההוכחות שר”ש ב”ר שניאור מאיברא אינו הר”ש מקשטלטיירי הוא, שהרי המובא בסמ”ג (עשין קסב) בשם “הרב רבי שמואל ברבי שלמה”, מובא בספר ‘עץ חיים’ לר’ יעקב חזן מלונדרש (ח”א עמ’ כג) בשם “רב שמואל מקאטייא טיירי”, ואכמ”ל.]
14. “בעלי התוספות”, שם ח”א עמ’ 465. וראה שם ח”ב עמ’ 654.
15. קיבלתי צילומו מהרב גבריאל ציננער.
16. ולהעיר מרש”י לבבא קמא (פ, א ד”ה העגונה) שמפרש: “העגונה. מאוחרת כמו ‘הלהן תעגנה’ תאחרנה מלהנשא”, וברשב”ם לבבא בתרא (עג, א ד”ה וכן הוא) מפרש: “דעיגון דמתניתין לשון עכוב הוא כדכתיב הלהן תעגנה כמו תעשנה תתעכבו מלהנשא לבעל…”. ובפירוש “עיון תפלה” שבסידור “אוצר התפילות” (ח”ב עמ’ 244) פירש: “זכר לעגון. שהיינו מקושרים במצרים בעבותות העבדות”.
17. והאריכו המפרשים בקטע “הא לחמא עניא” שבהגדה של פסח, האם המצה הוא זכר לחירות או זכר לעבדות ואכמ”ל.
18. יש להוסיף הערה: בעמ’ קז כותב הר”ש: “והעומר נקרא לחם דכתיב [שמות טז, כב] לקטו לחם משנה, וילפינן לחם הדיוט מלחם גבוה דכתיב [במדבר טו, יט] והיה באכלכם מלחם הארץ”, ולא צויין לזה כל מקור. ובאפס”ר (עמ’ צז הערה לד) מעיר: “לא מצאתי מקורו וצ”ע”. ולכאורה הרי לנו מקור מפורש בעירובין (פג, ב): וכמה עיסותיכם? כדי עיסת המדבר. וכמה עיסת המדבר? דכתיב והעומר עשרית האפה הוא. וראה ב’תורה שלמה’ עה”פ (כרך יד עמ’ רמב הערה רח) מה שהביא מספר הפרדס לרש”י ועוד.
19. בספרו “סופרים וספרים – פסקים, פירושים, חידושים”, תל אביב תשי”ט, עמ’ 24.




A Comprehensive (or close to it) List of New Seforim

A Comprehensive (or close to it) List of New Seforim

by Eliezer Brodt

In a recent Mishpacha article [November 28, 2007, ‘Seforim Supplement’, p. 48] they quote Shlomo Biegeleisen, of Biegeleisen Books, as saying that “they receive sixty new seforim every single week!” The seforim market has exploded in the past few years and continues to grow daily. While it is impossible to keep up with everything that comes out we hope to keep the readers updated from time to time with some of the interesting things that are printed. This current list includes some of the many titles printed in the past few months.

Rishonim:

Mechon Haktav reprinted the Magan Avos from R. Shlomo Duran, the Tashbatz (663 pp.). This work was first printed in 1785 and than again in a photo-mechanical edition by Mekor in the 1960’s. The plus of this recent edition is mainly the clarity of the print as the earlier edition is almost impossible to read. The editors of this edition did not, however, include notes of any sort on the sefer.

Sefer Al Esek Hatorah, Shtei Dershos Lrabenu Harosh (Kiryat Sefer, 2007); 76 pp. [08-974-0626].
This volume is a small sefer written by the father of the Rosh on Limud Hatorah. It also includes two dershos of the Rosh. Parts of all this had been printed before in A. Freimann’s book on the Rosh. In this edition the editor rechecked the manuscripts and reprinting the whole thing all together. [For another work by this Mechon see this prior post].

One of the dershos of the Rosh included in this work had been printed partially before by Professor Israel M. Ta-Shma in a few places [Kiryat Sefer, then in the journal MiGinzei L’taslume Kisvei Yad Ha’Ivriyim pp. 51- 52, and most recently in his Knesset Mehakarim vol. two pp. 184 -186]. The second dersha included herein had been printed in its entirety by Y. Galinsky in his doctorate on the Tur, Arbeh Turim V’safrus Halacha Shel Sefard b’Meha ha’arbah Aser (pp. 36-37, 74-75). In one of the dershos the Rosh gives strong mussar to the crowd for shying away to do certain Mitzvos such as lighting the Menorah in shul. There is a small historical argument between Professor Ta-Shma and Galinsky regarding the death of the Rashba (ibid.) based on the correct reading of a few words in the manuscript.

Mechon Yerushalim released their Ramban on Chumash Shemos see here for their earlier volume.

Avkas Rochel (Ashdod, 2007); 103 pp. [08-853-1651]
The author of this work was Rabbenu Macir, a talmid of R. Yehudah, the son of the Rosh. This edition is a nice reprint of the original. It deals with topics such as Gan Eden, Gehenim, Olam Habah, Moshicah amongst many others.

Chumash:

Maggid Meisharim (Jerusalem, 2007); 550 pgs, Ed. R. Y. Cohen [02 586-0457].
This edition is very helpful as it provides a parallel translation of the entire sefer from Aramaic into Hebrew. The editor also included paragraph highlights and many helpful notes on the sefer but hardly adequate for what this work actual deserves. [A while back there was a series of three articles by R. Yehuda Leib Kelers, in the Tzefunous journal (1990-91), where he mentions that someone was actually starting such a project but as far as I am aware, nothing has come from it.]

Nachalei Afersomin (Jerusalem, 2007); 360 pp., [04- 864-0135].
This is a reprinted edition of the sefer from R. Rephael Balzam, a talmid of R. Meir Arik (and others). This work is on the Parsha, Mitzvos and Yomim Tovim. It includes an index and a nice short biography on the author. There are all kinds of styles of Torah in this work dealing with Kabbalah, Halacha and Machshaveh.

She’elot u-Teshuvot:

Shu”t Yeshuos Yakov was reprinted after not having been available for many years. This edition includes some nice new additions of Torah printed in various places. Hopefully there will be a full post on this Goan and his works shortly.

Shu”t Mateh Menashe from R. Menashe Statoh [By Hillel Statohn 368 pp. 718-382-0085].
The author was the Av beis Din of Tzafas over 150 years ago and was the father of R. Chaim author of the famous work Eretz Hachaim. This work was in manuscript for all these years. In the second half of this sefer they include a fascinating work of the author called Knessiah Leshem Shamaim, which had been printed before. The topic of this work is about an interesting custom that existed in many communities when someone was sick or childless. The custom was to do a whole elaborate process to appease the shedim (evil spirits), a sort of offering to them (a korbon of sorts). He discusses the entire topic explaining why it one is prohibited form doing such things. He deals with many topics such as the power of shedim in general. This work includes the Teshuvous of many gedolim of the time amongst them R. Chaim Palagai.

Shu”t Sharei Tzion from R. Ben Zion Sternfeld was reprinted after not having been printed for a while. Besides for including R. Ben Zion’s excellent teshuvos it includes many of his deroshos. This Goan is famous for giving the Chofetz Chaim haskamos on his Mishana Berurah, Shimiras Halaoshon and Likitei Halachos. This edition includes the Kuntres Darcha Shel Torah and Kuntras Sharei Tzion on the topic of the importance of a proper education for one’s children. This edition includes a small biography of the author. These two works were written in response to Maskilim whom complained about not learning dikduk etc. One point of great interest from these Kuntreisim is the great importance and emphasis these Gedolim held of teaching Chumash properly to the children. They held that through the proper study of Chumash eventually the children will pick up Hebrew. Today, many school systems would do well to learn from these Gedolim to have proper methods to teach Chumash properly.

Shu”t Mishanat Sachir was reprinted. The author, R. Teichtel, was one of the biggest Rabbonim pre World War II in Hungary. As is very well known, originally R. Teichtel was a rabid anti-Zionist, however, later he completely changed his mind and eventually authored the incredible work called Em Habonim Semaicha. He authored many teshuvos over the years and eventually printing one volume of the teshuvos. After his death, his son printed a massive volume of Shu”t thru Mechon Yerushalim. This work has been out of print for many years. It is fantastic in respects of both depth and Bikeius. The son printed another volume a few years later. This current edition includes the whole volume that was printed by Mechon Yerushalim and parts of the volume that was printed afterwards. The original volume that the author himself printed was not reprinted here. This edition also includes some pages of additions based on notes of R. Teichtel not printed before. Just to give one an interesting tidbit on this sefer:

About six years years ago a journal from Chabad in Budapest called Tel Talpiyot (volume two) printed a few pages (pp. 42-55) of very interesting exchange of letters between R. Teichtel and his son R. Shlomo. This son went from Hungary to learn in Slabodkah Yeshivah. In the letters to his father he writes a few times how everyone in Slabodkah Yeshivah heard of his sefer and they enjoy it. He writes how many people asked him for a copy of the sefer but he only gave it to a few people amongst them the Divrei Yecheskel (see pp. 47, 48, 50).

Shas and Halacha:

Mezareph Le’Chachmah (Jerusalem, 2007); 174 pp.
This particular work of R. Yosef Delmedigo (Yashar) has been the subject of much discussion for many centuries. Already R. Yehudah Aryeh Modena wrote that the views in this sefer are not the authors real opinions rather he was playing “games.” After that, Graetz and others and as recent as Barzilay have attempted to prove that Modena was correct. However, I feel after a careful reading of the sefer that it was by no means a joke and this was the author’s real opinions. Recently, Professor David B. Ruderman has shown that Delmedigo did not intend this work to be a joke or game of some sort. Ruderman does so in his classic work Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe (pp. 128-152) dealing with all the problems Geretz and others raised. Mezareph Le’Chanchmah is full of interesting topics and information just to list a few: authorship of Zohar (52), Rashi (49) and Rambam’s knowledge of Kabalah (37, 51), against R. Avraham Abulafiah (31), and when Nekudos are from (21-22). He has a whole section showing that there are no contradictions between Halacha and Kabblah. The Shach in Yoreh Deah quotes him in regard to eating meat after cheese (89:16).

This current edition is printed beautifully, however, they edited out all the notes of Delmedigo’s student, R. Shmuel as well as some of the other stuff that were originally printed in this sefer. It is also lacking an index which would be very helpful with such a sefer enabling one to find all the treasures easily.

One original claim that I saw in the introduction of this edition and is recorded by many people and is in turn based on the Chida who states in R. Moshe Zechut’s name that the Delmedigo’s knowledge in kabbalah was not impressive based on specific things he writes in Mezareph Le’Chachmah. The page from Mezareph Le’Chachamah that lends credence to that opinion turns out that it was not from Delmedigo but instead from his talmid.

Kisvei Hagri (Jerusalem, 2007); 396 pp. [02 566-5240].
This a collection of the writings of R. Yaakov, Av Beis Din of Letichev. The author was born in 1730 and was rav there for many years. This was printed from manuscript for the first time by his descendants. The sefer has been waiting to be printed for nine generations. The editors put in lots of effort into this sefer giving you historical background. The sefer includes all kinds of genres, Chumash torah based on on old style pilpul, she’elot u-teshuvot, derush for all occasions (yom tovim etc.), hespedim, R. Yaakov’s tzavah and others. One of the many interesting things of interest in this sefer is a Megilas Yuchsin that R. Yaakov wrote. The editors put in much effort to track down lots of material about it. Also included is a list of his seforim collection (useful for certain fields of interest see for example Zev Gris, Hasefer K’Sochen Tarbus, pp. 65-72). Its unclear if the author was chassidish but he does quote from the Bal Shem Tov a few times.

Minhaghim and similar genre:

Chikrei Minhaghim (Cholon, 2007); 188 pp., [03- 556-3874]
This is a collection that focuses on Minhaghei Berlin gathered from many seforim including notes.

Orchos Hasofer (London, 2007); 173 pp.
This work is a beautiful collection of material about the Chasam Sofer gathered from a wide range of sources organized very nicely.

Bazel Hakodesh (Jerusalem, 2007); 334 pp.
This work is very interesting collection of material from R. B. Rakow collected together by his great-nephew. Topic ranges from chumash and halacha to stories he used to say over about various gedolim. Among the interesting discussions in this work are his opinions on learning and how to pasken, his connection with the Seridei Eish and his connection with R. Elyashiv resulting in getting R. Jonathan Sacks to take back what he wrote in one of his books [although the author does not mention R. Sacks by name] [See Marc B. Shaprio, Of Books and Bans, Edah Journal 3:2]. Another piece worthy of mention is his take on the Yeridos Hadoros question as it relates to learning.

Maseh Ish (Bnei Brak, 2007); 206 pp. Ed. R. Yabrov.
This is volume number seven of the on going series on the Chazon Ish. As with all such works there is lots of good stuff and some nonsense mixed in. This volume also includes a section on shemitah.

Halichos Kodesh (Brooklyn, 2007); 316 pp.[718 336-8971, 718 972-4078]
This is a collection of the hanhagohs of the whole year of R. Yisroel Rotenberg, Av beis Din of Kossin. He was killed by the Nazis. The sefer is from the notes of a close talmid of his. Its an extremely in depth description, providing a day by day going thru the whole year how he acted in each situation its full of interesting things.

History:

Rishimos Teshuvos Rav Sherira Goan (New York, 2007); 119 pp., ed. R. Nosson Dovid Rabinowitz [917- 753-5178].
This sefer includes an excellent history of Rav Sherira Goan from the most updated sources in the academic world. It also includes listings of all the Teshuvos of Rav Sherira Goan including many that were mistakenly attributed to others.

Tohar Haloshon, ed. Rothschild (Jerusalem, 2007); 80 pp.
The theme of this sefer is to show that the historical acceptance of the Hebrew language – Ivrit, was, according to the author, a very tragic story. The author shows through the statements of Ben Yehudah and Y. Klausner how anti-Jewish they were. He also shows which terrible methods they used to make this the language spoken amongst Jews in Eretz Yisroel. The book, however, is not to objective, rather it is presented in a very kannois way but all in all is still an interesting read to see a glimpse into that time period.

Olkieniki Radin Vilna (Jerusalem, 2007); 454 pgs, by R. Kalman Farber [02 571-1727, 03-731- 2149].
This is a diary of R. Farber of these places before World War Two and especially during the War. Among the interesting sections of this book are his accounts of his Rabaeim R. Naftoli Trop (known as Granat) and the Chofetz Chaim.

Yosor Yasroni (Bnei Brak, 2007); 469 pp., by R. Yitzchak Gibralter [03-618-8360]
This is a book about Kovno, R. Gibralter home town. This is a very interesting book which gives one a very nice picture of Kovno before World War Two not a typical Artscroll like history.

Journals:

Heichel Ba’al Shem Tov, issue 21,189 pp.
There are two articles of interest in this latest issue one, an article from R. Chaim Rapoport on the minhag of Chasidim of seeing ones rebbe in general and other areas relating to this topic.

One of the sources on the topic which he brings is from a teshuvah of R Yakov Kahna in his Shu”t Toldos Yakov (available here) (no. 33, pp. 72-74, in particular). What is specifically interesting about this teshuvah is his discussion of the Gra and his stance against Chassidim. He basically writes that the Gra made a mistake – he was fooled by false witnesses! What is interesting about this is this R. Yakov Kahan grandfather was the Gra brother author of the Maleos Hatorah! [I hope to return to this R. Yakov Kahana in a future post soon as his teshuvos are extremely interesting.]

Another point of interest, found in a different article, is a discussion of a grandson R. Chaim Volzhiner, Reb Eliyahu Zvi Soloveitchik, who became close with chassidus. The author references the extremely rare sefer by the Manhattan doctor, Arthur (Dov) Hyman, on this highly interesting personality.

Additions to earlier lists:

In an earlier post on new seforim I mentioned a sefer from R Chaim Vital.

Here is some updated information on it as I have had more time to go thru it a bit. This sefer was printed by R. N. Levi. This sefer is based on the handwritten copy of R. Chaim Vital himself. This volume was part of the famous Musaef collection. The rumors on the street are that this sefer legally ended up in the hands of dealers who cut it up page by page and sold each page for $15,000. After all the pages of the sefer were sold it was printed in this beautiful edition. This actual work was actually six parts a few of the parts were printed many years ago including haskomos of R. Kook [vol. 2, printed in Jerusalem, 1906] and more recently by Mechon Ahavat Sholom. It appears that there is still a part not printed which was to be found in the Ger Rebbi’s pre-World War II collection, which is currently still missing. As to the specific style of this sefer it is not heavy Kabbalah as there is much niglah in here. There are pieces of torah on everything – from chumash, aggdah gemaras and Mesectos Avos. Also included are many dershos which he said at chausunas, brisim and for hespedim. The dating of the sefer has been debated between R. Yakov Hillel and R. Manzur as to if this was before or after he learnt by the Arizal. Basically it seems that the bulk of the work was written before his learning with the Arizal and additions were added in by him throughout his lifetime.

The editor of this edition besides for presenting the work with nice layout and some sources include a basic history of R. Chaim Vital and his works. They consulted R. Y. Avivi who is a renowned Talmid Chacham and expert on Kabblah. Just to point out some minor comments on it. For some strange reason they quote a lot of material from M. Benayhu, but they can not properly write his name and instead refer to him as “the author of the Toldos HaAri” (for example see pp. 18, 19, 24, 31 and many more. They also can not properly write that he wrote the Sefer Yosef Bechrei which they also quote (pg 8, 14) or his Dor Eched baAretz (p. 72). Nor could they quote Avraham Yaari by name (pp. 45, 54) or Professor D. Tamar (pp. 48, 60) or Professor Tishbi (p. 67). What the problem in quoting these scholars name is beyond me. One more point in the end they deal with the sefer Kabalah Maseios of R. Chaim Vital making no mention that parts have been printed already. I have elaborated earlier on this particular sefer in this post (link). As an aside in the latest issue of Mekabtzeul from Ahavat Sholom they printed some more pieces from this work.




Review of R. Yosef Engel’s Tiferes Yosef

Review of Tiferes Yosef
by Eliezer Brodt

Tiferes Yosef, Sefer Shemos, R. Yosef Engel, ed. Friedman, Mochon Ohavei Torah, Monsey, NY, 595 pages, 2007. [845. 426.6152]
About four years ago I noticed in the seforim store a sefer called תפראת יוסף. It caught my attention immediately because it said מאוצרות הגאון ר’ יוסף ענגיל זצ”ל and I am a big חסיד of R. Engel as I am sure many are. I purchased the sefer after looking at it for a few minutes being satisfied with what I saw. This was the first volume which was just on חומש בראשית. A year ago the much awaited first volume of חומש שמות came out. What follows is a short review of this terrific work.

As is well known ר’ יוסף ענגיל besides for being a tremendous גאון was also a prolific writer. See, e.g., N. Lamm, Seventy Faces, p. 61 (noting that R. Engel is “one of the most brilliant and underestimated figures of pre-World War II Europe”). On his tombstone it says he left behind over 101 works on all topics ready to be printed. His grandson lists in his book on ר’ יוסף ענגיל what they were, including a 36 volume encyclopedia work to complete his בית האוצר. After his death his son in law was able to print a few of the works. Unfortunately, the rest, as was the case with many other great people’s works, the manuscripts were lost during WWII. The one exception being R. Engel’s work of his on מסכת קידושין that the grandson, R. Dovid Morgenstern, was able to save called שארית יוסף (it is also printed under the name חוסן יוסף. R. Morgenstern, however, writes that people who printed the חוסן יוסף stole it from him and even made mistakes when printing it). In the past few years some additional pieces of his have been discovered and printed in various torah journals such as ישורון and כרם שלמה.

In the past few years especially (although it was done to some seforim years ago) the seforim market has witnessed many attempts some successful and many not of systematically gathering torah of different גדולים and putting them in various orders. Meaning gaon x wrote much on shas so they gather all that he said on Chumash or hashkafic topics and put it in order making his torah much more accessible. Rabbi Friedman decided to do the same for all of ר’ יוסף ענגיל works. He collected from everything that ר’ יוסף ענגיל wrote on including some manuscripts he got a hold of and put it out according to the order of the torah – so far just on בראשית and part of שמות.

But you are probably wondering what is so special about this job? The answer is the amazing skill of Rabbi Friedman at piecing together everything. As is well know ר’ יוסף ענגיל had a tremendous בקיאות in all areas of torah including ירושלמי and קבלה, nothing escaped him. Besides for all this he is known for having amazing perspective in everything going deep into understanding everything. Often R. Engel brings amazing proofs from all over. Many times, throughout his writings, he references something he wrote elsewhere and thus the only way to properly understand him is to see all the places he has written on the topic But many times he does not even tell you that he explains this more elsewhere. Many times the additional points are in places you would never expect him to talk about the point you’re looking into. What Rabbi Friedman did was to put it all together every piece is presented beautifully organized with footnotes where necessary including explanations from ר’ יוסף ענגיל words elsewhere on the topic. Many times he brings how other אחרונים explain the words of ר’ יוסף ענגיל other times he explains it himself.

Besides for all this Rabbi Friedman gives you the exact reference for all the wide range of sources that ר’ יוסף ענגיל quotes. He also includes many other references from other people who talk about the same topics. Going thru this work one can find all types and styles of תורה that one might be interested in on the פרשה . Any מגיד שיעור or רב can find a wealth of information or at least a spring board to give lectures on חומש from here. There are also excellent indexes in the back of each volume because of the great wealth of topics included in each sefer. Besides for all this in the back of the first volume he includes a nice biography on .ר’ יוסף ענגיל All in all I feel this is a great job and almost anyone can benefit from it. One can just hope that Rabbi Friedman is able to complete the entire חומש.