Shaving on Chol HaMo’ad the Never-ending Controversy

While we are generally aware that denominations other than Orthodox changes and adapt to the times, in reality Orthodoxy has also made significant changes. Of course, these changes are all within the parameters of Halakah, but they are in part concession to the times.

By way of example, the Mishha and in turn the Gemera record various practices when a person is an אבל (mourner). One such practice is עטיפת הראש winding or wrapping of the head. Tosefot, however, note that although this practice is recorded without controversy – in their time, as it was uncommon to wrap one’s head there is no longer an obligation to do so.

At the time Tosefot offered this decision – a decision which took into account then modern sensibilities – it was fairly unremarkable. This would change significantly when a movement sprung up which took conforming Judaism to modernity to the extreme. The Reform movement which altered numerous, significant practices precipitated a greater hesitancy to effect change – even legitimate change within Orthodoxy.
One example of the battle over changing long established practices relates to Hol haMo’ad. The Mishna in Mo’ad Koton [1] enumerates but a small class of people who are permitted to shave on Hol haMoad. This class is comprised of people, who for reasons out of their control were unable to shave before the holiday. One who is released from prison on the Holiday is one example. But, anyone other than this small class of persons according to the Mishna, are prohibited from shaving on Hol haMo’ad. The Gemera explains the restriction in light of human nature. One, in theory, has more free time on Hol HaMo’ad (assuming one is not working) thus one may procrastinate to shave and get a haircut until Hol HaMo’ad. This would mean that they would begin the holiday unkempt, unshaven. Thus, to avoid this sort of procrastination, one is prohibited from shaving on Hol haMo’ad thus removing any temptation to delay until Hol HaMo’ad.

The question which we will now turn out focus to – is whether this reason is dispositive. That is, assuming one did in fact shave before the holiday can he then shave on Hol HaMo’ad as he did comply with the law.

For hundreds of years the answer to this question was no. Rabbenu Tam (1100-1171) did allow for someone who shaved before the holiday to do so on hol haMoad. This position, however, was uniformly rejected by everyone who voiced an opinion on this matter until the 18th century. The 18th century, however, saw an increase in emancipation and closer contact between Jews and non-Jews. This was on an unprecedented level, Jews did not want to appear strange and thus many Jews began, what is common today, dressing in contemporary style and the like. Jews also, although there were also examples earlier, began to appear clean shaven. Now, during the rest of the year, maintaining a clean shaven look did not pose too significant of a problem. But, there was one time where, based upon precedent, it would be difficult to remain clean shaven – during Hol HaMo’ad.

The first to readdress this issue was R. Yehezikel Landau, the author of the Noda B’Yehuda and one of the greatest Rabbis of his time. In approximately, 1775, R. Landua was asked (O.C. Tinyaha, no. 101) if there was any way for those who shave year round, and did so prior to the holiday, to do so on Hol HaMo’ad. R. Landau ruled in the affirmative, with one important condition – that it be done with a poor barber. This condition was an attempt to conform with the various prior opinions. Namely, R. Landau understood the rejection of Rabbenu Tam’s opinion limited to instances which the person would shave themselves. But, a poor person who needed this to survive and thus was able to do work on Hol HaMo’ad anyways, everyone would agree shaving would be permitted. As R. Landau was highly respected his opinion did not go unnoticed. With the publication of this responsa in his work Noda B’Yehuda, the reaction was almost immediate and negative. From all over Europe various people either directly addressed R. Landau or wrote their own private responses expressing their opinion to maintain the status quo. In the end, R. Landau included four responsa on this topic. The reaction was summed up by R. Hayim Yosef Azulai, the Hida (Yosef Ometz, no. 7),

ואולם בו בפרק ראיתי אשר תיכף אזרו חיל הגאונים רב של ברלין ורב של אמשטרדם וחלקו עליו, ונדפס בספר בינן אריאל. גם ידעתי נאמנה שרבני גאוני פולין ואשכנז היטב חרה להם היתר זה וכמעט נגעו בכבוד הרב. ואין ספק כי רבני ארץ ישראל . . וכל טורקיאה ומצרים . . . וערי המערב . . . כולם יסמכו עם רבני אשכנז ופולין

“During that time I heard immediately they quickly girded themselves, the great ones, the Rabbi of Berlin, the Rabbi of Amsterdam and they disagreed [with R. Landau] and this was printed in Binyan Areiel. I also heard from trustworthy sources that the Rabbis of Poland and Germany were extremely disturbed by this leniency and they went so far as to disparage R. Landau. And I have no doubt that the Rabbis in Israel, Turkey, Egypt, and all the Eastern lands agree with the Rabbis of Poland and Germany.”

There were those, who could not reconcile their high esteem of R. Landau with his permissive stance on shaving, and thus made the claim (which has no support) that R. Landau retracted his statement. [Such a claim – that the author retracted or an errant student was the author of a controversial respona – is rather common. See Speigel, cited below, pp. 271-75 for other examples.]

One particularly fantastic (and well-known) explanation attempting to reconcile the R. Landau’s position was offered by R. Moshe Sofer, the author of Hatam Sofer. R. Sofer (Shu”t Hatam Sofer O.C. no. 154) wants to understand R. Landau’s position in light of another shaving question. One is prohibited from using a straight edge razor on their face. But, as this was before electric shavers many of the other options for shaving were not appealing to some and they used a straightedge anyways. R. Landau was offered a possible justification for this practice, which R. Landau in turn rejected. The justification was one is prohibited from removing “hair” with a straight edge. Hair is only hair, for many other laws, if it is long enough to turn back on itself. Thus, if one shaved every day or so, even with a straightedge they would not be removing hair as it was too short. Now, as I mentioned R. Landau rejected this, however, R. Sofer claims as this position was perhaps the only available understanding of what many did to not consider them sinners, R. Landau in fact accepted this. But, R. Landau also knew that if he came out that shaving was prohibited on Hol HaMo’ad many people even those who use a straightedge will follow that opinion. Thus, at the end of the holiday they would have long enough facial hair to be shaving “hair.” While ascribing such motivation to R. Landau is somewhat far-fetched, it does demonstrate how far people would go to reconcile their views of R. Landau with this position.

This, as would be expected was not the end of this issue. Soon after the Noda B’Yehuda was published, another book – which was controversial in its entirety – was published. This book, Besamim Rosh, (previous discussions here) was published in 1793 but attributed to R. Asher b. Yehiel who lived at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of the fourteenth centuries. Almost immediately after its publication there were those who questioned this attribution and instead said it was not the RoSH who wrote this but instead it was the publisher, R. Saul Berlin. Although there were many controversial statements in this book, R. Saul Berlin retracted only one – his statement regarding shaving on Hol HaMo’ad (no. 40). This was the only pronouncement R. Saul agreed was not from the RoSH.

Thus far, this discussion was limited to single or a few responsa, however, in the 19th century we have the battle of the books. Isaac Samuel Reggio (1784-1855) (mentioned previously here), an Italian Rabbi and admitted maskil, devoted an entire work, Ma’amar HiTeglachat (Vienna, 1835), to the issue of shaving on Hol HaMoad. Reggio was one of the most accomplished Rabbis of his day, he was fluent in numerous languages, founded the Rabbinic Seminary in Padua and was an amazingly prolific writer (and he also went clean-shaven as is evidenced by the portrait accompanying the article on him in the Jewish Encyclopedia here). Perhaps his most accessible book is a translation in Italian and commentary in Hebrew (titled Torat HaElokim, Vienna, 1818)of the bible based upon the simple meaning (pehsat)was recently reprinted. [It appears the sponsor of this reprint was unaware of Reggio’s maskilik leanings and – as the story was related to me – was horrified to find this out and thus this edition is now difficult to obtain.]

Reggio takes the position of R. Landau one step further. You will recall that R. Landau allowed for a poor Jew to cut one’s beard but not the person himself. Reggio, however, offers that even the person themselves can shave. This is so, as he understands that in the time of the original enactment, it was highly uncommon to shave weekly and certainly daily. From this assumption Reggio notes that (1) those who shave more often the hair returns quicker and thus before it was no big deal not to shave over 8 days but today, even in such a short time the hair returns too quickly and (2) since everyone now shaves often this is not the set of circumstances the original enactment was aimed at. That is, only for those for whom shaving was infrequent was there a true fear of forgetting or pushing off shaving but today that is not nearly as much of a consideration. Of course, Reggio notes that if one did not shave prior to the holiday he can not shave on Hol HaMa’od.

This being the most sweeping ruling on this issue and the most comprehensive, an immediate reaction was not short in coming. In fact, there were two books written for the sole purpose of refuting Reggio’s position. The first, a play on Reggio’s title was Tegalachat haMa’amar (Livorno, 1839), was published anonymously. However, we now know that in fact the author was R. Avrohom Reggio, R. Yitzhak’s father!

To this day, shaving on Hol HaMoad remains a contentious issue. R. Moshe Feinstein one of the greatest American Rabbis post-Holocaust allowed for similar reasons to Reggio, one to shave on Hol HaMo’ad. R. Feinstein explains (O.C. vol. 1 no. 163) that “today for those who shave daily, they can shave on Hol HaMo’ad.” Although there is again a permissive opinion, one from a highly respected person it still did not end this issue. In the Shmerat Shabbat K’Helchata (vol. 1 p. 274), on the top portion of the text he records that it is prohibited to shave on Hol HaMo’ad. Then in a footnote he is willing to only cite to R. Feinstein’s responsa without explaining what it contains.

Additionally, in an English book devoted to the laws of Hol HaMo’ad [2] they have taken it one step further by judiciously quoting R. Feinstein to give a different impression than the actual respona. As is provided in this book, R. Feinstein concludes his responsa with “I only offer this permissive opinion to those who have a great need or are in pain from not shaving.” (p. 26 n. 7). This is where the quote ends in the English book [of course, this does not actually appear in the English section, rather this is all relegated to a Hebrew footnote – in the English portion, the authors only allow that if refraining from shaving would result in a loss – davar ha’avod – only then is it permitted]. But R. Feinstein actually continues with “if one wishes to rely upon my permissive stance for appearances sake only [i.e. not only for ‘great need’ or ‘pain’] there is no need to stop him as in reality this is permitted.”

אבל מ”מ איני נוהג להתיר אלא למי שיש לו צורך ביותר או מצטער ביותר, ואם אחד ירצה לסמוך ע”ז גם בשביל היפוי לבד אין למחות בידו כי מעצם הדין הוא מותר לע”ד

Sources: The vast majority of the above comes from M. Samet article on the topic of shaving on Hol HaMo’ad. This article appears in M. Benayhu, Tegalachat B’Holo shel HaMo’ad, Jerusalem, 1995. Benayhu’s book also reprints both Reggio’s books as well as a significant amount of material from manuscript and he provides a history as well. Interestingly, Benayahu attempted to convince R. Shlomo Zalman Aurebach that today it would be permissable to shave on Hol HaMo’ad. Benayahu, however, notes that right when he finished this book, he was planning on showing it to R. Aurebach for his thoughts and comments but R. Aurebach passed away.
[Of course, the primary material contains additional important information]. This book is the most comprehensive discussion on the topic. Samet’s article has now been reprinted in his Hadash Assur min HaTorah, Jerusalem, 2005. Samet, among other things, discusses R. Feinstein and the controversy over his opinion. There are others who discuss this topic, however, as they mainly use the two above sources (with and without attribution), and they do not add much of anything I have not provided additional citations.

I want to thank M. Solomson for providing both editorial corrections and material for this post.

Notes
[1] On the name of this Mescheta and whether it is Mashkim or Mo’ad Koton, see Y. S. Speigel, Amudim b’Toldot Sefer HaIvri, Kitvah v’HaTakah, pp. 326-27; 348-56 (discussing which rishonim referred to it as Mashkim and which referred to it as Mo’ad Koton and whether any conclusions can be drawn from that data).

[2] D. Zucker & M. Francis, Chol HaMoed, Brooklyn, NY, 1981. The book even contains an approbation from R. Feinstein, although R. Feinstein says he did not look in great detail at the book and instead his approbation is based upon the reputation of the authors.




Review of R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil’s Levushi Badim: With An Eye Towards Yom Kippur

Review of R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil’s Levushi Badim:
With An Eye Towards Yom Kippur
By Rabbi Eliezer Brodt

One aspect of our rich literature that is rarely tapped into properly is the area of Sifrei Derush. We have a complete literature of seforim in this genre from Rishonim until modern times, including many styles, from all kinds of gedolim, from completely different schools countries, etc. There are Sifrei Derush strictly written according to peshat, while others deal with allegorical interpretations, Halakha, Kabbalah, Derush, Mussar and Chassidus. This area is extremely important in our quest for information in many different fields. First and foremost, we have the actual interpretations said by the various darshanim. When reading through these works of derush, you will generally find answers to many topics that might interest you, explanations to many passages in chazal which until than you had been unsuccessful in locating satisfactory explanations. Unfortunately, there is no proper index for all of this material, although some attempts have been made over the years to fill this lacuna. Second of all, these seforim provide us with a rich history of the Jews through out the ages. When we read what the darshanim choose to deal with in the mussar section of these derashos, we can see the various areas they were lax in. We can see that Jews, in all eras, always had various issues in which they were lax. Besides for this, many times we can see various minhagim that Jews observed and why they observed them.

In an upcoming post at the Seforim blog, I will discuss more of the broader implications of studying Sifrei Derush, but in this post I shall discuss one such sefer and how it helps us prepare for Yom Kippur.

In 1988, the manuscript of the derashos Levushi Badim from R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil were printed for the first time. In a previous post at the Seforim blog I briefly discussion a little about this great goan, R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil, who was the son of R. Nesanel Weil, the author of the well-known commentary on the Ro”SH – the Korban Nesanel. Just a bit of biographical information about R. Yedidiah. Born in 1722, R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil died in 1806 at the age of 84. He was a student of both his father, the Korban Nesanel, and R. Yonason Eybeschutz, and served as the Rav of Karlsruh, and as the Rosh Yeshiva there. He wrote much; however, aside for his Haggadah, nothing else was printed until 1977. (See the Introduction to R. Weil’s Hiddushe Rabbi Yedidyah Weil: Masekhet Niddah (Makhon Ahavat Shalom, 2003). And, although some has recently been published, much of his work remains in manuscript. However, recently the important and excellent notes of his on Hilkhot Shabbat (over 60 pages of material) have been printed in a Kovetz called Deror Yekro.

This sefer is a collection of thirty three derashos that R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil gave over thirty-three years on Yom Kippur before Kol Nedrei. He writes that he saw this time was a successful time to give the derasha as this is the best time to have the crowd focused as they are not hungry or tired yet from fasting because the fast just began.

The style of these derashos are very interesting, one can see that people on many levels could enjoy them. He included all kinds of explanations on Gemarah and other difficult statements in chazal. Many times he veried off into a little kabbalah. He almost always included a mashul (parable) which is a highly effective way to captivate the masses to listen to ones derasha. The breadth of sources that he spoke about from Chazal, Rishonim and Achronim is just incredible. One can see a complete list of this in the very through index included in the back of the sefer. Many times he threw in specific examples of areas which the people were lax in (more on this soon).

As I mentioned this sefer has a wealth of information especially in regard to Yom Kippur. I will just give a partial list here of some of the minhaghim mentioned in this work.

As noted above, these derashos were said before Kol Nidrei, delaying the time when Kol Nidrei was said. This custom of saying a derasha and when to say it is widespread and has very early sources as is discussed by R. Freund in his Moadim le-Simcha (pp. 318-322). He also deals with pushing off Kol Nidrei a bit later for these derashos. One of the sources he missed is this sefer Levushei Badim. [For more on this topic, see my forthcoming article in the upcoming issue of Yerushateinu, vol. 2 (5768).] He explains a few reasons why we begin Yom Kippur with Kol Nidrei (pp. 3, 27, 103). For a very comprehensive article on Kol Nedrei see Minhaghei Hakehilos, pp. 209-226.

Many of R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil’s derashos include an explanation for the Minhag of the Arizal as to why we say the passuk אור זרוע לצדיק (amongst them p. 14 in the introduction, pp. 3, 8, 11, 15 and 20). For more on this topic see Pardes Eliezer pp. 261-267 and Minhaghei Hakehilos, pp. 104-105.

One of the topics he returns to throughout the derashos is explanations for wearing white clothes – and the kittel on Yom Kippur. In his introduction he lists ten reasons for this Minhag amongst them is the famous one to remind one of death. Other reasons include that we are like malachim on Yom Kippur and that we are like the Kohen Gadol. (For a partial list, see introduction and pp. 6, 11, 20, 73, 94). For more on this topic in general see the Pardes Eliezer pp. 124-169 and my forthcoming work on Rosh Hashna and Yom Kippur (mentioned previously at the Seforim blog).

He has many reasons for the Minhag of asking ones friends Mecheilah (see pp. 11, 39, 84, 106, 123 and 143). For a recent discussion of this topic see Minhaghei Hakehilos (pp. 204-208). He also discusses the reason why one has to immerse oneself in a mikvah before Yom Kippur (p. 18).

R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil writes that Minhag Polin was to end davening of Yom Kippur after the tekios with everyone saying לשנה הבאה בירושלים (p. 196). He repeats many times in the derashos that crying during davening is very important (pp. 99, 126, 171, and 193) and it even helps ones tefilos to be accepted (p. 159).

Besides for minhagim and interesting points in regard to Yom Kippur there are many other points of general interest; for example, R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil has a discussion about making a golem, where he provides a source that R. Avigdor Kra created one (p. 37). See my earlier post at the Seforim blog on this great Goan. He also has a discussion on reading the ability of different Gedolim to read foreheads.

He has a very interesting discussion about giving Zedaka to a fraud saying even though you know he is a fraud still give him (p. 135) I will quote it in Hebrew as it loses a little in translation.

ונראה דאיתא בגמרא אר”ל באו ונחזיק טובה לרמאים שאלמלא הן היינו חוטאין, והנה אם מיירי בעניים מהדרי פתחין שידעינן בודאי שהן רמאין ואינם מהוגנים אין מן הראוי לתת להם צדקה ובעבור זה רבים נמנעין ליתן להם צדקה כי יודעין שהם רמאים ואינם מהוגנים ולא שייך דברי ריש לקיש, אבל האמת לפי החיקרה דתירץ זה ליתא לפי האמת, דהא אנו אומרים בתפילה אבינו מלכנו חננו ועננו כי אין בנו מעשים עשה עמנו צדקה וחסד והושיענו ואנחנו ודאי רמאים לפני הקב”ה כי הוא יודע כל הנסתרות וחופש כל חדרי בטל ולא יצדק לפני כל חי, והיאך ישעה עמנו צדקה הלא גם אתם אינכם נותנים צדקה לרמאים, לפיכך אנחנו חייבים לתת צדקה אפילו לרמאים, אם כן כמו שאנו עושין צדקה לרמאים, כן תעשה עמנו צדקה.

Another beautiful piece of his is on two other phrases in Aveinu Malkeinu. Here too, I will quote it in Hebrew.

כמו שתקנו אבינו מלכנו עשה למען הרוגים על שם קדשיך, אבינו מלכנו עשה למען טבוחים על יחודך, אבינו מלכנו עשה למען באי באש ובמים על קידוש שמך, ויש להבין וכי טבוחים לאו בכלל הרוגים כי כמה מיני הרג ואבדון הי’ לחסידי עליון, ועוד למה מזכיר גם הרוגים שם קדשך שהי’ מקדשים שמו ברבים, וגבי טבוחים אמר לשון יחודך, ונראה בזה בשעת גזרת שמד היו מתאספים אנשים ונשים ושחטו עצמן ואת בניהם ובנותיהם וצורחים שמע ישראל כדי לצאת נשמתם באחד… וכן רבינו קלונימוס בקינה מי יתן ראשי מים, וזהו למען טבוחים על יחודך שה’ טובחים עצמן על יחודך באמירת ה’ אחד והא דאמר’ למען באי באש ובמים אף על גב דהם נמי בכלל הרוגים, נראה לענית דעתי דאית’ בתעניות דף כט דכתות כתות של פרחי כהונה קפצו לתוך האש בשעת שנשרף ההיכל בבית הראשון, וכן בבית שני הפילו עצמן ד’ מאות ילדים וד’ מאות ילדות לתוך הים כדאיתא בהניזקין, לכך אמר באי מעצמן באש בחורבן ראשון ובמים בחורבן בית שני, והואיל שיצאת נשמתן לא הי’ באחד אמר למען קדוש שמך מה שאין כן בטבוחים על יחודך, שהיו מכוונים בגמר שחיטה אבות לבנים בה’ אחד.

One more piece of which I would like to quote is R. Yedidyah Tiyah Weil’s elaboration of an idea in the Zohar and R. Yosef Gitliah in his Sharei Orah which is a very important concept for Davening (p. 119):

בשערי אורה… וז”ל אם יחיד מתפלל תפילה שאינו הוגנת אז נקראת תפילה פסולה ודוחים אותה לחוץ, ואם תאמר נמצא רוב תפילות של יחיד נפסדות ונאבדות כי אחת מני אלף לא נוכל לכוין את תפילתנו בענין שראוי להתקבל, דע שיש רקיע למעלה ושם ממונים ושמורים, וכל אותן תפילות הפסולות מכניסין באותו הרקיע ואם חזר זה היחיד והתפלל תפילה אחת בכוונה גדולה והגונה ואז אם היא עולה למעלה מתדבקים כל התפילות הפסולות עמה ע”ש שהאריך. אמנם נראה, אם מת אותו יחיד ולא התפלל תפילה אחת בכוונה, וכי יעלה על הדעת שח”ו יפסיד כל התפילות שהיה מתפלל?! ואולי יש לומר, אם בנו היה מתפלל תפילה אחת בכוונה גדולה, אז מעלה בנו כל תפילות של אביו (ואפשר, דזה הטעם דאבל מתפלל בציבור), כי ברא מזכה דאבא. ויען, אם גם בנו לא התפלל תפילה אחת בכוונה או אם אין לו בן, אם כן הפסיד כל התפילות, לזה אם יגולגל נשמתו לבוא בעולם ויתפלל עוד תפילות אחרות בכוונה גדולה – מעלה כל התפילות הפסולות שהתפלל בגלגולים אחרים.

In my forthcoming work on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (mentioned previously at the Seforim blog) I have devoted an entire chapter on this topic.

Besides for all these interesting pieces and gems in the sefer there are many things which give us a historical picture of the author’s era. We see many of the problems that people had in those times. One very rich passage (p. 48) which I will quote in Hebrew is as follows:

ובענין המחלוקות מקורן מכמה סיבות שונות הגורמות לזה א, בעינן התורה והפלפול משרבו התלמידים שלא שמשו כל צרכן נעשתה התורה כשתי תורות. ב, מחמת סיבות ממון ופרנסה… וכל אחד מסיג גבול רעהו ומקנא במשא ומתן וגורם כמה מחלוקות. ג, מחמת שכנים וכבר צוח הנביא הוי נגע בית בבית ובונה עליותיו בלא משפט. ד, דרך אחים ואחיות להיות מריבות וקטטות ביניהם הן מחמת ירושה או מאהבת האבות לבן בין הבנים כמו ביוסף עם אחיו. ה, רגיל להיות מחלוקות בין השותפין שחושדו שלא עשה כהוגן ולא עסק כראוי ובכלל זה קטטת איש ואשתו דנקראין שותפין. ו, לפעמים נופל מחלוקת בבתי כנסיות הן מחמת עליות התורה או מחמת מקום שיושבים עליו או מחמת שמביאין טף עמהם.

I think its incredible how all these problems which we thought only exist today did even back than.

Amongst the sins that he mentions in the derashos that he wanted them to improve on and do teshuvah which gives us more of a picture of that time were: talking during davening (p. 134), shaving with a razor (pp. 2, 133), shaving on chol hamoad (p. 185), woman not dressing properly (pp. 143-144), drinking yayin nessach (p. 133) and buying food from goyim on shabbos sometimes by means of their children (p. 144).




Of Tahanun and Yarhrzeit bukhs

A fascinating anecdote in a recently published biography of Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel struck me as very worthy of sharing with the readers of the Seforim blog:

[Heschel] confided to Samuel Dresner that in his daily devotions he did not recite the Tahanun prayer, a confession of sin and supplication that was usually omitted only on the Sabbath and festivals. Heschel explained that it was a Hasidic custom to omit these woeful entreaties on the Yahrzeit (anniversary of death) of a rebbe, for such was not a day of sorrow but a mark of renewal and celebration. Because almost every day after the war was the Yahrzeit of a rebbe, Heschel did not say Tahanun at all. By means of his silence, each day he memorialized another leader, acknowledging his heartbreak before God alone. Publicly, however, Heschel would sing, literally and figuratively. He loved nigunim, and he wrote English essays in musical prose that praised – and idealized – East European Jewry.[1]

Within the non-Hasidic world, today is the yahrzeit of, among others, Rabbi David Oppenheimer(er), renowned throughout the rabbinic world as the Chief Rabbi of Nikolsburg from 1689-1702 and of Prague from 1702-1736.[2] Since 1829, his great rabbinic library of thousands of seforim and manuscripts — until recently unmatched within the rabbinic world — has formed the Oppenheimer Collection at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University with nearly 4,350 volumes

covering the entire range of Hebrew literature from the Bible up to early 18th cent. Particularly strong in Bible editions with commentaries, rabbinics, service-books. c60 Hebrew incunabula. Includes c70 per cent of all products of the first century of Yiddish printing, say from the 1530s to 1650. A set of the first edition of the Talmud printed by Daniel Bomberg in Venice, and a complete Talmud on vellum in 24 v (Berlin and Frankfurt a O, 1715-21).[3]

For Rabbi Reuven Margoliyot’s yarhrzeit bukh, see here (PDF).

Notes:
[1] Edward K. Kaplan, Spiritual Radical: Abraham Joshua Heschel in America, 1940-1972 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 99.
[2] On Rabbi Rabbi Oppenheim, see Charles Duschinsky, “Rabbi David Oppenheimer: Glimpses of His Life and Activity, Derived from His Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library,” Jewish Quarterly Review (n.s.) 20:3 (January, 1930): 217-247.
[3] See here (scroll down)




Candles on Yom Kippur: Reinstating a Lost Minhag

The Physical and Spiritual Light of Yom Kippur:
Reinstating a Lost Minhag to Enhance the Spirituality of Today’s Synagogue
by: Rabbis Aaron Goldscheider & Barry Kornblau*
Introduction

“Or Zarua la’tzadik – Light is sown for the righteous.” Each year, we begin our Yom Kippur prayers with these repeated, resounding words which Aruch Hashulchan tells us refer to “great matters that are beyond explanation.” If there is one evening of the entire Jewish year when we most seek the great, inexplicable light of God’s shechina, it is Yom Kippur eve. We enter the synagogue with great expectations, to feel close to the Divine, and to feel the warmth of His light and presence. As we say throughout the penitential season, Hashem ori ve’yishi – God is my light and salvation.

Below, we shall see that rabbinic literature prescribes the lighting of candles in the synagogue on Yom Kippur eve. We believe that, for many, reinstating this practice could enhance the spirituality of Yom Kippur eve.

An ancient practice

The practice we seek to reinstate is neither the kindling of Yahrzeit candles, nor the lighting of candles lit by women at home on each Shabbat and Yom Tov evening, including Yom Kippur eve. Rather, it is a third practice – usually not seen here in the United States – that dates back nearly two millennia, to the Mishna. Let us consider the Misnha (Pesachim 4:4 in its entirety, which begins with the custom of candle lighting in the home:

מקום שנהגו להדליק את הנר בלילי יום הכפורים – מדליקין; מקום שנהגו שלא להדליק – אין מדליקין

A place where they have practiced to kindle the light on Yom Kippur eves – they kindle.
A place where they have practiced not to kindle – they do not kindle.

The Tosefta and both the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds all explain that these differing practices regarding whether to kindle lights in private homes are both intended to prevent marital relations on the night of Yom Kippur, when that activity is forbidden. The custom to kindle was intended to remind a couple to refrain from marital relations on Yom Kippur eve by creating a lit setting in which such relations are forbidden by Talmudic law, and in which people would be naturally sexually reticent.[1] The custom not to light on Yom Kippur eve, on the other hand, was intended to diminish the husband’s desire for relations with his wife by eliminating the light which allows him to see her and thereby desire her.

Having considered differing practices regarding lighting in private homes, the Mishna goes on to discuss the uniform practice of lighting in public venues – the main focus of this post at the Seforim blog:

ומדליקין בבתי כנסיות ובבתי מדרשות. ובמבואות האפלים, ועל גבי החולים

They kindle in synagogues, study halls, and dark alleyways, and near the ill.

The Tosefta (Pesachim 3:11) expands this list to include other public places such as inns, bathhouses, and restrooms (or, according to one interpretation, mikvaot.) The need to illuminate these various public locations is strictly practical: so people can see where they are going, what they are doing, do not trip, can relieve themselves, immerse themselves in a mikvah,[2] and the like. Since the above sources generally confine themselves to rules on halachic, not practical matters, the Jerusalem Talmud (Pesachim 4:4) explains that this last phrase of the Mishna teaches a halachic point, as well: namely, that even where kindling in private homes is forbidden, kindling in public venues is permitted since there is no concern for marital relations occurring in such settings.

The Mishna, Tosefta, and Talmuds, then, note the uniform practice of kindling lights in synagogues and study halls on Yom Kippur eve. It is a practical matter, whose halachic background relates to the specific issue of the prohibition of marital relations on Yom Kippur. This was true beyond the Talmudic period, as well. R. Eliezer b. R. Yoel HaLevi in Sefer Ravyah (section 528) states explicitly that his community did follow the Talmudic custom to kindle lights in synagogues and study halls, relating this kindling to the Talmudic concerns.[3]

Rosh and the Establishment of a Halachically Mandated Lighting

The halachic works of French Jewry, however, invest the kindling of lights on Yom Kippur with symbolic, ritual, and mandatory meanings. In 11th Century France, for example, Machzor Vitri (Seder shel Yom Hakippurim) describes the formal minhag in his community to kindle lights on Yom Kippur, and provides a Midrashic basis for this custom [the Machzor Vitri also records that the Geonim followed this custom as well]. The Midrash (Tanchuma YaShan 24, P. Emor) asserts that God does not require the mitzvoth of Man, and that the light of the menorah in the Temple is therefore for Man’s benefit – to protect him – and not for God’s benefit. Similarly, since Proverbs 20:27 likens a person’s soul to a candle, Machzor Vitri concludes that kindling lights on Yom Kippur protects. Machzor Vitri, however, does not detail that protection or how it connects to Yom Kippur.

In 13th Century France, Rosh (Yoma 8:9) also recognizes this minhag, indicating that an abundance of candles were typically lit in synagogues. Unlike Machzor Vitri, however, Rosh places this custom into a broader and more familiar halachic framework, namely, kavod Yom Tov. To do so, he begins by citing the Talmud’s requirement (b. Shabbat 119a) to wear clean clothes on Yom Kippur to honor the day in the absence of food and drink through which one honors other holidays.Then, he cites Targum Yonaton to Isaiah 24:15 to show that kindling lights is a form of honoring God. Therefore, he concludes, “yesh le’chavdo (one should honor it)” through all means considered to be honor. For Rosh, kindling lights on Yom Kippur eve fulfills this halachic requirement to honor the day. Rosh’s son, the author of the Arba’ah Turim, follows the approach of his father in this area.

Kol Bo (early 14th Century France and Spain)(sec. 68) introduces two further practical considerations favoring this kindling. First, the recitation of the less familiar Yom Kippur prayers “all day and night” necessitates lighting candles in synagogues. Second, such a candle can be used to fulfill the special halachic requirement of ner she’shavat for the havdalah candle used at the close of Yom Kippur.

Mordechai equates the lighting with the judgment of one’s soul

Rosh’s immediate contemporary,R. Mordechai b. Hillel Ashkenazi in his Mordechai, (comment #723 to b. Yoma) provides an entirely different basis for this kindling.17 As we shall see, his rationale will take us far away from the issues of honoring Yom Tov and the practical considerations we have seen so far. It is noteworthy that Mordechai prefaces his novel explanation by stating his conscious intent to strengthen this minhag. As we shall see, Mordechai succeeded in this regard, perhaps beyond his own expectations.

Mordechai begins by quoting a statement from the Talmud (b. Horiot 12a, b. Kritut 5b) indicating that if one wants to see if he will live out the year, he should light a candle and place it in a windless room from Rosh Hashana until Yom Kippur. If the flame lasts, then he will live out the year. (Below we will discuss this practice in light of the Torah prohibition of nichush (divination).) Mordechai rules that “in our time, the practice is to kindle a candle on Yom Kippur for every person since it is the gmar din (the final day of judgment).” Apparently, Mordechai means that, since Jews in his time no longer lit candles during the entire period of judgment from Rosh Hashana to Yom Kippur, we symbolically include that entire time period by lighting a candle at its close, on Yom Kippur.

In late 14th Century Germany, R. Yaakov Moelin in Maharil (Hilchot erev Yom Kippur) cites Mordechai, suggesting that the lighting is a personal obligation that symbolizes the soul of man standing before God on the day of judgment, Yom Kippur. He also notes that the practice was for only men and boys to light but not women or girls, providing a number of homiletic and halachic suggestions for why this might be so. The simplest of them is that a married woman fulfills her obligation through her husband’s lighting. Maharil’s student Mahariv (Responsa Mahiri Weil 192) also elaborates on these matters, and prohibits the then common practice of instructing a gentile to rekindle one’s candle that went out on Yom Kippur.

Codification in Shulchan Aruch, Rema and beyond

How are the differing traditions of Rosh and Mordechai reflected in the voices found in the standard code of Jewish Law, Shulchan Aruch? R. Yosef Karo cites Mordechai’s approach in his Beit Yosef, but his final codification in Shulchan Aruch reflects the tradition of Rosh; i.e., there should be lights in the synagogue and elsewhere, not that there is an individual obligation to kindle such lights.

In his glosses to the Beit Yosef and the Shulchan Aruch, however, Rema (R. Moshe Isserles) codifies the approach of Mordechai, mandating an individual lighting. As he does so, he adds further stringencies to this kindling. For example, Rema rules that if one’s light is extinguished on Yom Kippur, one must relight it at the conclusion of Yom Kippur and allow it to burn down completely. Similarly, although one whose light burned throughout Yom Kippur could extinguish it out at the end of Yom Kippur, one whose candle went out during Yom Kippur must accept upon himself that neither he nor others will ever extinguish his candle at the end of Yom Kippur. Apparently, these build upon an implication of Mordechai’s Talmudic source; namely, that it is a bad sign if one’s candle goes out on Yom Kippur.

A century later, R. Mordecahi b. Abraham Jaffe in his Levush accepts these rulings of Rema, and adds a further stringency based upon the reasoning of Machzor Vitry. First, he sharpens Machzor Vitry’s reason of “protection” by indicating that the Yom Kippur eve light kindled in the synagogue atones for the soul of the one who lights it. Therefore, he (and subsequent authorities, as well) prohibits lighting a candle for a meshumad (an apostate) so that his soul cannot gain an atonement which it does not deserve.

These varied codifications of the practice to light candles in the synagogue by Tur, Beit Yosef, Shulchan Aruch, Rema, and Levush both reflected and contributed to its spread to all of world Jewry. Indeed, in his comments to the Shulchan Aruch, Magen Avraham notes that concerns about fire safety had prompted a widespread practice to hire a Gentile to guard the synagogue throughout the night of Yom Kippur. That, in turn, prompted him to decry infractions of the regulations pertaining to what such a Gentile may be instructed to do in the context of the laws of Yom Kippur.

So far, then, we have seen at least six separate reasons to kindle candles on Yom Kippur eve in the synagogue (in addition to Yahrzeit and Yom Tov candles lit at home): to protect (Machzor Vitri) or gain atonement (Levush); to fulfill the halachic obligation to honor Yom Kippur day (Rosh); to dramatize the final judgment for the forthcoming year that is given for each person on Yom Kippur (Mordechai); and to address practical issues of having a ner sh’shavat and to provide adequate illumination for the extended, unfamiliar nighttime prayers of Yom Kippur (Kol Bo).

A theoretical problem becomes a practical one

Before continuing to follow this practice’s further development, let us return to a problem in Mordechai’s Talmudic source. It indicated that if one lights a candle at Rosh Hashana time which remains lit until Yom Kippur, then this is a sign that one will live out the year. In his comments to Horiot 12b, Maharasha (16th C) states the problem succinctly: “This practice is apparently forbidden by the prohibition of ‘You must not practice divination’ (Vayikra 19:26). For what reason is this [and other similar practices mentioned in the Talmud] permitted…?”

Maharsha’s answer is that this practice of lighting is permitted because it is an act symbolizing one’s hope for a future good (a siman tov) which does not imply the inverse belief that the absence of that sign will negatively affect the future with certainty. Correspondingly, the Talmud only states the positive sign of the candle remaining lit but does not mention the significance of its going out.

However, the widespread popularity of Mordechai’s approach as well as its intensification over time through the successive stringent rulings of Rema, Levush, and others, created a corresponding intensity about this matter in the minds of Jews. Apparently, the Jewish masses did not maintain Maharsha’s caution about the non-significance of their light going out. Put simply, it appears that ordinary people considered this flame to bear a heavenly sent message regarding their very lives in the forthcoming year. If their flame was extinguished before the end of Yom Kippur, then this implied they would not live out the year. Aruch Hashulchan (OC 610:6) and Mishna Berura (OC 610:14), for example, both write that the Jewish masses were distraught if their candle went out on Yom Kippur. As a result, what was a theoretical problem for Maharsha became a practical problem for these later halachic authorities.

They address this problem in three distinct ways. First, they provide practical ways to avoid seeing whether one’s light goes out. Aruch Hashulchan suggests lighting one’s candle amidst those of others so that one’s own candle is no longer specifically identifiable. (OC 610:6) Similarly, Mishna Berura suggests having a shul representative light all the candles so that people cannot identify their own candle. Second, while still encouraging individuals to light their candles, Aruch Hashulchan exhorts the people to be “whole with your God,” and that “it is not becoming for the Holy People [of Israel] to walk in the ways of divination.”

Finally, Aruch Hashulchan also extends the reasoning of Rosh, writing that the lights are not only to honor the day of Yom Kippur, but that “the practice is to honor the King with great lights and this, indeed, is the practice of all Israel, to multiply lights to honor this holy day…in all of the rooms of one’s home, in synagogues, in study halls, in dark alleyways, near the ill, in order that the light should be great and found in all places…”

Where did this centuries old minhag go in the US?

It is clear, then, the preponderance of standard halachic works from the Mishna to the Mishna Berura consider the kindling of candles on Yom Kippur in the synagogue to be the standard, widely practiced, custom. Mateh Ephraim even records its Yiddish moniker, dos gezunteh licht – the light of health and well-being (603:8). And yet in America, this practice has fallen by the wayside.[4] Where did it go? We don’t know for sure. We can conjecture that electric lighting and fire safety concerns in American synagogues displaced it.

Reintroducing a lost minhag, and practical implementation

We believe that the rabbis and synagogue lay leaders should consider reintroducing this beautiful practice to their sanctuaries. This is opportunity for even the most traditional synagogue to do something new and unexpected that is, at the same time, an ancient tradition of our people, practiced for millennia across all the lands of our dispersion. A synagogue already adorned with a white parochet, white kittels and white talitot can now be aglow with the flames of candles lit by each and every member of the synagogue. This will create a unique setting of purity and awe that is conducive to prayer, introspection, and distinct holiness of Yom Kippur itself. [5]

Notes
[1] Interestingly, this reasoning assumes that the prohibition to have marital relations by candlelight was more widely known and observed by the people then the prohibition of marital relations of Yom Kippur itself.

[2] According to some opinions, a ba’al keri was permitted to immerse himself on Yom Kippur, despite the general prohibition to wash or immerse oneself on Yom Kippur.

[3] It is worth noting Rambam, (Hilchot Shvitat Asur, 3:10) for example, codifies these Talmudic sources and mentions the two varying practices regarding kindling in one’s house, but entirely omits discussion of kindling in all public venues. Magid Mishneh (explains Rambam’s omission in a manner similar to the Jerusalem Talmud’s comment (above), noting that the practice not to kindle in private venues never extended to public ones since couples are not secluded there.

Similarly, writing in Vienna at the turn of 13th Century, Or Zarua elaborates at great length upon many familiar minhagim of Yom Kippur eve, yet entirely omits mention of kindling lights in synagogues.

[4] We have seen a practice in some American synagogues that seems related to the tradition we have delineated; i.e., women light their Yom Tov candles for Yom Kippur in synagogue, instead of at home. There are many reasons, however, why this is not the lighting we are advocating. First, since the days of Maharil, only men have done the lighting we describe, but not women. Second, these women are reciting the blessing for Yom Tov kindling over these candles. Unlike most other Shabbat and Yom Tov evenings, women on Yom Kippur are not at home but rather in synagogue. It would seem, then, that they light where they will be while their candles are lit. Indeed, they may feel it unsafe to leave unattended candles lit at home.

[5] Here are some recommendations for those interested in introducing this practice to their synagogues:

*Dim the electric lighting for Yom Kippur eve if technically possible.
*Each synagogue will need to think creatively about how to arrange the candles to be light, given the layout of its sanctuary. Note that a wide variety of candle holding devices are available for sale today through the Internet and other venues.
*In keeping with the ruling of R. Yosef Karo, candles can be arranged without any correspondence to the number of individuals or families in the synagogue.
*Alternately, in keeping with Ashkenazic tradition, lighting can be done by each individual man on behalf of himself and his family. Women, too, can light their own candle if they wish29. It will be necessary in advance of the holiday to encourage those who will be lighting of the need to participate in this practice. Presumably, this could be done by a letter, a class, at the time of ticket distribution, or in other ways. To accommodate the concern first articulated by Maharil, time would also need to be scheduled for people to do this in an orderly and safe manner prior to the onset of Yom Tov. Coming to synagogue earlier might also encourage congregants to enter Yom Kippur in a more reflective manner, recite tefillah zaka, etc.
*Of course, as Magen Avraham pointed out, each synagogue will need to attend to fire safety concerns within the confines of halacha, as well.

[Ed. note – For Additional Reading: for more on the custom of lighting candles on Yom Kippur, see R. Y. Goldhvaer’s Minhagei HaKehilot, Jerusalem, 2005, 88-96, available here (PDF)]

* Aaron Goldscheider serves as the Rabbi of the historic Mount Kisco Hebrew Congregation in N. Westchester, NY.
Barry Kornblau serves as rabbi of the Young Israel of Hollis Hills-Windsor Park, and the Director of Committees and Operations at the Rabbinical Council of America.




The Custom of Refraining from Meat on Rosh HaShana

What follows is a post from the Seforim blog’s frequent and erudite contributor, R. Eliezer Brodt. This post is an excerpt of a chapter from his upcoming book on the halachos and minhagim of Rosh HaShana. The post below deals with the statement, whose source is from R. Yosef Karo’s maggid, (known as Mishna), to refrain from eating meat on Rosh HaShana. This statement appears to be contrary to an (actual) Mishna in Chulin.

R. Brodt hopes to have this book available for next year Rosh HaShana.

אי-אכילת בשר בראש-השנה

א.

א.

כשם שלכמה מן הראשונים והאחרונים אין לאכול דגים בראש-השנה מחמת טעמים שונים, וכפי שהובא בהרחבה בפרק הקודם, כך אנו מוצאים שיטה כזו לגבי בשר – שאין לאכול בשר ביום זה.

כך אמר המלאך המגיד הדובר למרן ר’ יוסף קארו (שאלוניקי וצפת, רמח-שלד), ה’בית יוסף’: “מכל מקום איבעיא דלא למיכל בהו בשרא ודלא למשתי חמרא[1], ואוף בשאר אוכלין ומשקין למזער בהו. ואף-על-גב דאמר עזרא (נחמיה ח י): ‘אכלו משמנים'[2], ההוא לכלל עמא, ואנא ממלל ליחידי סגולה; ותו, ד’משמנים’, היינו שמן וחמאה וחלב, אבל לא בשר, וכן בשתיה, דלא אמר ‘שתו יינות'[3], אלא משקין אחרים דאינון מתוקים”[4]. והביאו דבריו כמה מן הפוסקים, כמו: ר’ אברהם אבלי גומבינר מקאליש (פולין, שצה-תמג), בעל ‘מגן אברהם'[5]; ר’ יאיר חיים בכרך (מוראביה ואשכנז, שצח-תסב), בעל ‘חות יאיר'[6]. וגם הובא בספר חמדת ימים (חובר סביבות שנת תצ)[7].

אמנם רבים העירו על איסור מחודש זה. הרי מאחת המשניות מוכח שבראש-השנה אכלו בשר. שכך נאמר במשנה, חולין, פ”ה משניות ג-ד: “בארבעה פרקים בשנה, המוכר בהמה לחבירו צריך להודיעו: אמה מכרתי לשחוט, בתה מכרתי לשחוט, ואלו הן: ערב יום טוב האחרון של חג, וערב יום טוב הראשון של פסח, וערב עצרת, וערב ראש השנה…. בארבעה פרקים אלו, משחיטין את הטבח בעל כרחו”. וטעמה של תקנה זו היא: “שדרך ישראל לעשות סעודות בארבעה פרקים הללו, וסתם הלוקח בהמה אינו לוקח אלא לשחוט מיד…”[8]. היינו, דרך ישראל מקדמת דנא ‘לעשות סעודות’ בראש השנה ולאכול בהן בשר בהמה! כך הקשו ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין (וואלאז’ין, תקט-תקפא)[9], ור’ יהודה אסאד (הוגריה, תקנד-תרכו), בעל שו”ת ‘יהודה יעלה'[10]. ויש שהעירו ממשנה אחרת (שביעית פ”י מ”ב): “השוחט את הפרה וחילקה בראש השנה…”[11]. היינו, שבראש-השנה הקצב חילק את בשר הפרה לאכילה[12

וסיף להקשות ר’ אפרים הקשר (האמבורג [אשכנז], נפטר בשנת תקיט), בעל ‘אדני פז’: “קשה קצת, הא מקרא מלא: ‘לכו אִכְלוּ מַשְׁמַנִּים ושתו ממתקים, ושלחו מנות לאין נכון לו'”[13], שהבין ש’אִכְלוּ משמנים’ ביאורו: אִכְלוּ בשר שמן. וכך גם העיר בקצרה ר’ מאיר פוזנר: מה שה’מגן אברהם’ מביא בשם ‘מגיד משרים’ שלא לאכול בשר, לא נראה כן מן הפסוק – ‘אכלו משמנים'”[14].

מספר יישובים נאמרו בכך[15]:

1. ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין (וואלאז’ין, תקט-תקפא), מתרץ באופן פשוט ביותר, וכבדרך-אגב מודיענו, שכל כוחו של ה’מגיד’ היה בא מה’בית יוסף’, ולפיכך אם נעלמה מר’ יוסף קארו משנה מסויימת או מקור אחר – גם ה’מגיד’ לא ידענה באותה שעה. ואלו דבריו: “ודאי מהרב ‘בית יוסף’ היתה שכוחה באותו רגע המשנה ההיא, או היה לו בה איזו רפיון בחזרה ועיין בה, אשר על-ידי-כן לא האירה כח משנה זו גם בהמגיד באותו שעה”[16].

2. אולם לר’ דוד לוריא, הרד”ל (רוסיה הלבנה, תקנב-תרטז), לא ניחא ליה תרוץ זה ששמע ‘בשם שאר בשרי הגאון האמיתי מהור”ח מוואלאזין זצ”ל’, הוא העדיף את תרוצו הראשון: “ומכל מקום, הענין אמת למעשה… שליחידי סגולה הוא שנאמר, שראוי להם להחמיר שלא לאכול בשר בראש-השנה, ולקיים ‘אכלו משמנים’ בשמן וחלב”. היינו, כל המקורות המעידים בנו ששלומי אמוני ישראל אכלו בשר בימי ראש-השנה מדברים על פשוטי העם, בעוד שה’מגיד’ אוסר אכילת בשר על יחידי סגולה, וכמפורש בלשונו: “דלא למיכל בהו בשרא… ואף-על-גב דאמר עזרא: ‘אכלו משמנים’, ההוא לכלל עמא, ואנא ממלל ליחידי סגולה”[17]. וכך גם תירצו מדיליה ר’ זאב וואלף אב”ד טלז, בעל ‘הגהות בן אריה'[18], ר’ מנחם מנדל קרענגיל (גאליציה, תרז-תרצ), מהדיר ‘שם הגדולים’ לחיד”א[19].

וחילוק גדול בין שני התרוצים. לתרוץ הראשון, אין שום חומרה שלא לאכול בשר בראש-השנה, ואפילו ‘יחיד-סגולה’ ובן-עליה אין צריך להקפיד בכך, ואדרבא, הוא חייב לאכול בשר בדווקא, לקיים את ‘אכלו משמנים’. אך לתרוץ השני, אדם המרגיש בעצמו שהינו בעל נפש ו’יחיד-סגולה’ עליו להתנזר מאכילת הבשר, וכמפורש בדברי התרוץ. וככל הנראה, אף מחבר חמדת ימים (חובר סביבות שנת תצ) הסכים לשיטת התרוץ השני. שלאחר הביאו דברי ה’מגיד’ הוא מסיים: “ואוחז צדיק דרכו”. היינו, כל אחד לפום חורפא דיליה ולפי יראת השמים שלו.

נמצאנו למדים, ששלש שיטות יש בענין זה: א, ‘מגן אברהם’ ובעל ‘חות יאיר’ הביאו בסתם דברי המגיד[20], ומשמע שקיבלוהו כפשוטו, שכל אדם אסור לאכול בשר בראש-השנה; ב, שיטת התרוץ השני, שרק ‘יחידי-סגולה’ ימנעו מאכילת בשר; ג, שיטת התרוץ הראשון, שאין איסור לאכול בשר, אלא ההפך, יש חיוב לאוכלו.

3. נתעכב עוד מעט על התרוץ האחרון. לתרוץ זה נמצא, ש’אכלו משמנים’ שפשוטו – גם לדברי ה’מגיד’! – הוא אכילת בשר שמן, נאמר רק על המון העם ולא על יחידי סגולה. אך התמיהה עומדת מאליה: זו מיניה ליה? מדוע להפקיע את הפסוק מפשוטו? שהיכן נזכר או נרמז בפסוק שדבריו אמורים על מגזר אנושי מסויים – רק על המון העם?

אולם, כידוע, יש פלוגתא דרבוותא אם יש להתענות בראש-השנה[21]. ועל השיטה המחייבת תענית תמהו, בין היתר, מאותן משניות בהן מפורש שאכלו בשר ביום זה[22], ותרצו, שאכילת הבשר הנזכרת באותן משניות נאמרה על ליל ראש-השנה, שאז אין להתענות אפילו לשיטה המחייבת תענית בראש-השנה[23]. ואכן, ר’ שמואל אליעזר אידל’ס, המהרש”א, סובר, שדברי הפסוק ‘אִכְלוּ מַשְׁמַנִּים וּשְׁתוּ מַמְתַּקִּים’ נאמר רק על סעודות לילי ראש-השנה[24]. ולפיכך ניתן לומר, שאף ה’מגיד’ הלך בדרך זו ש’אִכְלוּ מַשְׁמַנִּים’ נאמר רק על סעודות הלילה (וגם כל אכילת הבשר הנזכרת במשניות, מדובר בסעודות הלילה), וכל איסורו לאכול בשר נאמר על סעודות היום בלבד!

4. תרוץ דומה מיישב ר’ ירוחם ליינער: לפי ביאורם של בעלי התוספות שסיבת אכילת בשר בראש-השנה הוא: “לעשות סימן יפה”, כפי שנוהגים לאכול ‘סימנים'[25], נמצא איפוא, שכשם שמנהג ה’סימנים’ נוהג בלילה בלבד ולא גם ביומו כך גם אין לאכול בשר אלא רק בלילה, בעוד שאיסורו של המגיד נאמר על היום[26

5. יישוב אחר אם-כי דחוק ביותר, מציע אחד ממחברי דורינו: “לולי דמסתפינא הוה אמינא, [ש]פשר לפרש דברי ה’מגיד משרים’ בדוחק, דלעולם לא מנע אף הוא אכילת בשר גם מ’יחידי סגולה’ בראש-השנה, אלא מנעו מהם בשאר עשרת ימי תשובה”[27]. תרוץ זה דחוק הוא ביותר וכפי שבעליו מעיד עליו, ואין כל צורך לדון בו[28

ב.

אולם כל המצוי מעט בדברי הראשונים יודע, ששיטת ה’מגיד’ מחודשת ביותר ולא מצאנו כמותה בכל הדורות. כל הראשונים מסכימים, שבראש-השנה יש לאכול בשר כמו בכל יום-טוב.

כבר ‘תשובת קדמונים’ (ולמקורות אחרים: ‘תשובת הגאונים’!) שהובאה בכמה ראשונים, מעודדת את המנהג הנפוץ לאכול בשר שמן בראש-השנה: “מצאתי ב’תשובת קדמונים’: שחקקתם[29] שאנו נחשי נחישות במה שאנו רגילים ליקח ראשי כבשים בראש השנה… ואוכלים טיסני עם בשר שמן… הנה זה הניחוש טוב הוא, ורובו מן יסוד המקרא והאגדות… ומה שאנו אוכלים טיסני עם בשר… כדי שיהיה השנה הבאה עלינו שמינה ומתוקה”[30].

והסכימו לכך הרבה ראשונים מאשכנז וצרפת. רבן של ישראל – רש”י (צרפת, ד’תתא-תתסה): “ראש השנה, יום-טוב הוא, ואוכלים בשר”[31]; ר’ ישעיה ב”ר מאלי דטרני, הרי”ד (איטליה ואשכנז, ד’תתקמ-ה’כ): “שכל טעם בארבעה פרקים [=שאחד מהם הוא ראש-השנה] אינו אלא משום שמחה, שדרך כל ישראל לקנות בשר ולשמוח ביום-טוב…”[32]. וכך גם משמע מדברי ר’ מנחם ב”ר שלמה המאירי (פרובנס, ה’ט-עה), בעל ‘בית הבחירה'[33]; ר’ יהונתן הכהן מלוניל[34]; ר’ יוסף חביבא, בעל ‘נמוקי יוסף'[35], ועוד קדמונים.

וכך גם כותב ר’ יהודה החסיד (אשכנז, ד’תתקי-תתקעז): “ע’ ימים בשנה חייב אדם לאכול בשר, ואלו הן… וראש השנה וערב יום כיפור…”[36]. וממנו שאבו תלמידיו ושואבי מימיו ומביאים דבריו בשינויים ובסגנונות שונים, כמו, ר’ אלעזר מוורמייזא, ה’רקח’ (אשכנז, ד’תתקכה-ה’ב): “…הם כמניין הימים שחייבים לאכול בשר בשנה… ראש השנה”[37]. וכך כותב ר’ אפרים ב”ר שמשון, שנמנה על חסידי אשכנז[38], בשם ר’ יהודה החסיד: “כל אלו ימים עולים ס”ח כנגד ס”ח ימים בשנה שישראל חייבין לאכול בשר ואלו הן… ושני ימים של ראש השנה”[39]. וכפל הענין במקום אחר: “כנגד שלושה רגלים שמצוה לאכול בשר… וכן: ברית, שבת, ראש-חודש, ראשי תיבות בשר; או ראש השנה[40], שנאמר: ‘אכלו משמנים ושתו ממתקים'[41]. ושוב מופיע ענין זה באחד הקבצים שאספו את פירושי בעלי התוספות לתורה: “ס”ז ימים … ושני ימים מראש השנה… כל אותן הימים שיאכלו בשר”[42]. ורעיון זה של ר’ יהודה החסיד נשאר זכרו גם בדורות מאוחרים יותר, שגם ר’ יוחנן לוריא (אשכנז, נולד בשנת ר) מביאו בשינויים: “כי יש ס”ט ימים בשנה שראוי וחובה לאכול בשר… ראש השנה”[43].

גם מדברי הגאונים והראשונים המחייבים לאכול ראש כבש או ראש איל ‘לסימן טוב’, ומודיעים לנו שנהגו כך בפועל[44], ניתן להבין שאכילת בשר בראש-השנה הוא דבר חיובי.

על מנהג שנהגו בפועל בשלהי תקופת הראשונים, אנו שומעים מר’ יוסף יוזפא אוסטרייכר (אשכנז, קפג-רמח), בעל ‘לקט יושר’, המעיד על רבו ר’ ישראל איסרלין (אשכנז ואוסטריה, קנ-רכ), בעל ‘תרומת הדשן’: “שהוא אכל בשר שמן… בראש השנה”[45]

ג.

ולאחר ששמענו שכל הראשונים הסכימו שאכילת בשר בראש-השנה היא חובה, אנו מבינים מדוע ר’ שלמה ב”ר יהודה, ‘מהרש”ל השני’, אשר תיקן ‘סדר תשובה’ לאשה שזנתה תחת בעלה, התיר לה לאכול בשר בראש-השנה כמו בשבתות ובשאר ימים-טובים למרות ש’סדר התשובה’ שנתן היה מחמיר ביותר: “…ולא תאכל בשר רק בשבתות וימים-טובים. דהיינו, שלש רגלים – ואפילו בחולו של מועד תאכל גם כן – ושני ימי ראש השנה”[46]. שהיה לו פשוט שחובת אכילת הבשר בראש-השנה היא ממש כמו בימים-טובים![47]

ואם הראשונים הסכימו וחייבו לאכול בשר ביום זה, ודאי שהאחרונים יאשרו זאת. וכך אנו מוצאים לרבותינו האחרונים המתירים בשופי – ואף מחייבים – אכילת בשר בראש-השנה. ויותר מכך, ר’ יעקב עמדין, היעב”ץ (אלטונא [אשכנז], תנח-תקלו), מחדש, שאכילת בשר ביום זה (שהוא מכלל חובת ה’שמחה’) היא יותר חיובית מיום-טוב הראשון של סוכות! ואלו דבריו: “הוי יודע, שהיום הזה הוא אחד מהארבעה פרקים שמשחיטין בו את הטבח. שמע מיניה, שמצוה לאכול בשר בראש השנה ולשמוח בו יותר מיום-טוב-ראשון של סוכות”[48].

ודברים חריפים כותב ר’ רחמים נסים יצחק פאלאג’י (איזמיר, תקעד-תרסז), בעל ‘יפה ללב’, מהם אנו לומדים על חשיבותה של אכילת בשר ביום זה:

דקיימא לן, דאין שמחה אלא בבשר בהמה, לכן יש לאכול בו [=בראש-השנה] בשר בהמה כמו בשאר ימים-טובים… ואם מצינו לרבין חסידא, הרב חיד”א… שכתב: בראש-חודש אב נהגנו לאכול בשר לכבוד ראש חודש, קל-וחומר הדברים שמן הדין יש לאכול בשר בראש-השנה… דאיכא תרתי לטיבותא, כבוד יום-טוב וכבוד ראש-חודש. ולבי אומר לי, דמי שנוהג לאכול בראש השנה ומענה נפשו מבשר ושאר מאכלים טובים שראוי לאכול בו ביום, עובר על ‘בל תוסיף’, דכתיב (ויקרא יג כז): ‘אך בעשור לחודש וגו’, ועניתם את נפשותיכם’, דמילת ‘אך’ הוא למעט, שדווקא בעשור בו הוא דיש לענות נפש, ובא לאפוקי ראש-השנה [ש]בתחילת החודש, דאין לעשות בו שום עינוי כלל[49].

כך אנו שומעים שנהגו בפועל בתקופת האחרונים. ר’ יעקב קאסטרו (מצרים, רפה-שעב), בהגהותיו על ‘ארבעה טורים’ מעיד על מקומו: “ואוכלים בשר שמן, ואומרים: ‘תתחדש עלינו שנה שמינה'”[50]. ואילו ר’ מרדכי יפה, בעל ה’לבושים’ (פולין ובוהמיה, רצ-שעב), מספר על מנהג פולין-בוהמיה: “ונוהגים לאכול בשר שמן וכל מיני מתיקה כדי לאכול מעדנים ולשתות ממתקים לסימנא מילתא לכל השנה”[51]. ועל אותו מקום, מתקופה יותר מאוחרת, אנו שומעים עדות אחרת מר’ שלמה מחלמא (פולין, תעו-תקמא), בעל ‘מרכבת המשנה’, כותב: “ונוהגים לאכול בשר שמן וכל מיני מתיקה”[52]. ומקיים את דבריו ר’ ברוך יהודה בראנדייס (בוהמיה ואשכנז, תקטו-תקפה), בעל ‘לשון חכמים’: “ונוהגים לאכול בשר שמן”[53]. על המנהג במדינות ליטא ורוסיה לפני כמאה וחמישים שנה אנו יודעים מר’ אברהם דאנציג (ליטא, תקח-תקפא), בעל ‘חיי אדם’, הכותב: “אוכלים בשר שמן וכל מיני מתיקה, כדכתיב: ‘לכו אכלו משמנים’, והכל לסימן טוב”[54]. ואלו גם דבריו של ר’ יחיאל מיכל אפשטיין, בעל ‘ערוך השלחן’ (רוסיה, תקפט-תרסח): “ונוהגים לאכול בשר שמן וכל מיני מתיקה, שתהא חלקנו שמן ומתוק”[55].

ולסיום נציין, כי למרות ששיטת ה’מגיד’ שאין לאכול בשר בראש-השנה מחודשת ולא נמצא לכך סמך מדברי הראשונים, וכאמור, עם-כל-זאת אחד מגדולי הדור שבשלהי תקופת הראשונים, ר’ ישראל איסרלין (אשכנז ואוסטריה, קנ-רכ), בעל ‘תרומת הדשן’, שנהג לאכול ‘בשר שמן’ ביום זה[56] הקפיד – מחמת סיבה מיוחדת – מאידך גיסא שלא לאכול בשר בקר, היינו, בשר פרה ועגל, כעדות תלמידו ר’ יוסף יוזפא אוסטרייכר (אשכנז, קפג-רמח), בעל ‘לקט יושר’: “ולא אכל בשר פרה ועגלים בראש השנה, משום מעשה העגל”[57].

מקור ידיעות ה’מגיד’ שנתגלה ל’בית יוסף’

כהמשך לנושא הקודם בו נידון חידושו של ה’מגיד’ שאמר לר’ יוסף קארו (שאלוניקי וצפת, רמח-שלד), ה’בית יוסף’, שאין לאכול בשר בראש-השנה, הנהגה הסותרת כמה מקורות מפורשים ולפיכך נזקק ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין (וואלאז’ין, תקט-תקפא), לסתור את דברי ה’מגיד’, כי לשיטתו כל כוחו של ה’מגיד’ היה בא מה’בית יוסף’, ולפיכך אם נעלמה מר’ יוסף קארו משנה מסויימת או מקור אחר – גם ה’מגיד’ לא ידענה באותה שעה, וכלשונו: “ודאי מהרב ‘בית יוסף’ היתה שכוחה באותו רגע המשנה ההיא[58], או היה לו בה איזו רפיון בחזרה ועיין בה, אשר על-ידי-כן לא האירה כח משנה זו גם בהמגיד באותו שעה”[59]. נתמקד עתה בנושא זה, ואין כוונתי לגלוש לנושאים אחרים, רבים ורחבים, השייכים לנושא ה’מגיד’ בכלל ול’מגיד’ שנתגלה ל’בית יוסף’ בפרט.

גרעין ויסוד דבריו של ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין מצויים בדברי ר’ חיים ויטאל (ארץ-ישראל, שג-שפ), תלמידו הגדול של האר”י. הוא מדבר באופן כללי על ה’מגידים’ אך, כמובן, דבריו תקפים גם על ה’מגיד’ שנתגלה לר’ יוסף קארו: “על-ידי עוסקו בתורה או קיומו איזו מצוה… קונה לו פרקליט אחד, ונוצר ממנה מלאך ממש; אך בתנאי, שיקיימנה תמיד וברוב כוונה כהלכתה. ואז, יתגלה אליו המלאך ההוא. וזה ענין מה שנמצא כתוב בספרים ענין המלאכים הנקראים ‘מגידים’. אלא שאם לא תהיה המצוה כהלכתה, יהיה המגיד ההוא מעורב טוב ברע, אמת ושקר”[60].

דברי ר’ חיים ויטאל הועתקו בידי ר’ פנחס אליהו הורוויץ (פולין וגאליציה, תקכה-תקפא), בעל ‘ספר הברית’, ובדרך העתקתו נתבארו הדברים יותר: “אם עוסק בתורה או במצוה ההיא לשמה ושלא לשמה, ויש בה איזו פניה, או שלמד אותה התורה בשבושים, או המצוה אינה כהלכתה בכל פרטיה – יש תערובות רע באותו המלאך, אם מעט אם הרבה, כפי רוב הפניה או השבושים או חסרון פרטי הלכות המצוה; וכן בדבריו יש תערובת שקר, אם מעט אם רב, כפי רוב הרע שבמלאך”[61].

אלו ואלו דיברו על ה’מגידים’ באופן כללי ולאו דווקא על אותו ‘מגיד’ שחזה ר’ יוסף קארו. אולם ר’ יעקב צמח מכוון את אותם הדברים כנגד ה’מגיד’ שנתגלה ל’בית יוסף’, ואלו דבריו שנאמרו כהקדמה ל’ספר המגיד’ [הוא ‘מגיד משרים’] שהעתיק לעצמו:

ויש ‘מגידים’ אמתיים לגמרי, והם הנעשים מן התורה ומן המצות הנעשית בשלמות. ויש ‘מגידים’ משקרים במקצת, כי אף-על-פי שהוא נעשה מצד הקדושה, עם כל זה האדם גרם לו אם היה איזו בחינה רעה או דבר שקר באותה תורה או מצוה שעשה – אותו המלאך הנברא ממנה, כלול טוב ורע, והטוב שבו אומר דברי אמת, והרע שבו אומר דברי שקר… והנה כפי הנזכר, אין להקשות על ה’מגיד’ למה אמר לפעמים היפוך הדין או הזוהר או הרב זלה”ה. ודי זה למבין דבר אמת[62].

והם הם דברי ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין.

וכך גם מביא ר’ יעקב עמדין, היעב”ץ (אלטונא [אשכנז], תנח-תקלו), בשם ר’ יצחק לוריא, האריז”ל (ארץ-ישראל ומצרים, רצד-שלב): “וכבר העיד האר”י ז”ל, שאפילו ה’מגידים’ הקדושים אינם נקיים מטעות, וכתוב (איוב ד יח): ובמלאכיו יָשִׂים תָּהֳלָה’, ואין משגיחים אף בבת-קול לשונות אפילו קוצו של יו”ד [מ]תורה שבכתב ושבעל-פה…”[63]. והשווה גם לדברים שהביא בשם אביו, ר’ צבי אשכנזי, ה’חכם צבי’ (מורביה וגאליציה, תיח-תעח): “אבי מורי החסיד זצ”ל היה אומר: הרב ‘בית יוסף’ היה למדן יותר גדול ממגיד שלו”[64].

וזו הסיבה שר’ אברהם ישעיה קרליץ, ה’חזון איש’ (ליטא ובני-ברק, תרלט-תשיד), לא חשש לפסוק בענין מסויים כר’ יוסף קארו אלא כבר-פלוגתא למרות שה’מגיד’ אמר ל’בית יוסף’ שהלכה כמותו באותו ענין, כי “ה’מגיד’ של ה’בית יוסף’ הוא גם כן ‘בית יוסף’!”[65], כלומר, “‘מגיד’ הנשלח מישיבה של מעלה לכאן, הוא משורש נשמתו ודרגתו של זה אשר אליו נשלח”[66]. ואם ניתן לסבור כבר-פלוגתא של ה’בית יוסף’ אין הסכמתו של ה’מגיד’ מעלה או מורידה.

לאור כל זאת שאלתו של ר’ יחיאל יעקב וויינברג (ליטא-שוויץ, תרמה-תשכו), בעל שו”ת ‘שרידי אש’, מקבלת תשובה ברורה. הוא פנה לחברו ושאל: “האם ידוע לך ספר המטפל בספר ‘מגיד משרים’ לה’בית יוסף’ ועל הסתירות שבינו לבין ה’שלחן-‘ערוך’ בכמה דינים?”[67]. והדברים ברורים.

הערות

1 בעוד שכל הדנים בדברי ה’מגיד’ שיובאו להלן, שקלו וטרו על איסורו לאכול בשר, עיקר דיונו של ר’ חיים אלעזר שפירא (גאליציה והונגריה, תרלב-תרצז), בעל שו”ת ‘מנחת אלעזר’, הוא באיסורו לשתות יין. הוא סובר, שאין כוונתו לאסור את שתייתו ב’קידוש’, ואלו דבריו: “עיין ב’מגן אברהם’ בשם ‘מגיד משרים’ למרן הבית יוסף, דאין לאכול בשר ולשתות יין בראש השנה. ועל כל פנים, לא היה כוונתו על יין ד’קידוש’… רק על סעודת יום-טוב של בשר ויין המחוייב בשארי ימים-טובים” (הגהות הירושלמי, מועד קטן פ”ג ה”ו, ירושלים תשמ, עמ’ רכו).

2 הפסוק: “וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם: לְכוּ אִכְלוּ מַשְׁמַנִּים וּשְׁתוּ מַמְתַּקִּים, וְשִׁלְחוּ מָנוֹת לְאֵין נָכוֹן לוֹ, כִּי קָדוֹשׁ הַיּוֹם לַאֲדֹנֵינוּ…”.

3 אלא ‘ושתו ממתקים’. ראה לעיל, הערה 2.

4 מגיד משרים, פרשת נצבים (אור ליום שבת, כה אלול), מהדורת הרב י’ בר-לב, פתח-תקוה תשנ, עמ’ 359-360.

5 מגן אברהם, ר”ס תקצז.

6 מקור חיים, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז.

7  חמדת ימים, חלק ימים נוראים, איזמיר תצא, דף לג ע”ג.

8 לשון פירוש ר’ עובדיה מברטנורא, שם, משנה ג. והעתיק מפירוש רש”י, חולין פג ע”א, עיי”ש.

9 כך הביא ר’ דוד לוריא, הרד”ל (רוסיה הלבנה, תקנב-תרטז), קדמות ספר הזוהר, ענף חמישי, אות ג, ס”ק ב, תל-אביב תשמה, עמ’ צד-צה. ומשם הביאם ד’ אליאך, כל הכתוב לחיים, ירושלים תשנה, עמ’ קמג-קמד, אות ט; הנ”ל, הגאון, ב, ירושלים תשסב, עמ’ 522, הערה 78.

10 שו”ת יהודה יעלה, או”ח, סי’ קסג.

11 ומשם הובא בשבת קמח ע”ב.

12 כך העירו ר’ שלום מרדכי שוואדרון (גאליציה, תקצה-תרעא), דעת תורה, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז, בשם ‘חכם אחד’; ר’ צבי פסח פרנק, מקראי קודש, ירושלים תשנו, ימים נוראים, סי’ יח, עמ’ יח; ר’ ראובן מרגליות (גאליציה וארץ ישראל, תרן-תשלא), נפש חיה, ר”ס תקצז.

13 אדני פז, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז, אלטונה תקג, דף כח רע”ג.

14 בית מאיר, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז, יוזעפאף תרלו, דף צד ע”ב.

15 רוב המתרצים ידעו רק מקור אחד הסותר, לכאורה, לשיטת המגיד, ולפיכך באו ליישב רק את המקור אותו הם ידעו. אך לא חילקתי בכך, כי כל אחד מהתרוצים דלהלן מיישב גם את שאר המקורות התמוהים.

16 כך הביא בשמו ר’ דוד לוריא, קדמות ספר הזוהר, שם (לעיל, הערה 9), עמ’ צה.

וראה מגיד משרים, מהדורת הרב י’ בר-לב, פתח-תקוה תשנ, הסכמת הרב שריה דבליצקי (‘הערה קצרה מסביב לספר הקדוש’), מה שלמד מדברי ר’ חיים מוואלאז’ין לענין ה’סיוע הרוחני’ שניתן לכל אדם ואדם.

17 ראה לעיל, ליד הערה 4, ושם הובאו דבריו המלאים.

18 הגהות בן אריה על שו”ע, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז; נדפס בסוף שלחן ערוך, מהדורת מכון ירושלים.

19 רמ”מ קרענגיל (מהדיר), שם הגדולים השלם (לחיד”א), ב, הגהות שארית ציון, מערכת מ, ס”ק מז, פאדגורזע תרצ, עמ’ 234-235.

20 ראה לעיל, ליד הערות 5-6.

21 הארכתי בענין זה להלן/לעיל, פרק…

22 משניות אלו הובאו לעיל, ליד הערות 8, 11. הערה זו העיר ר’ יחיאל מיכל היבנר (גאליציה, תקצד-תרסז), שו”ת משכנות הרועים, ח”א, סי’ א, לעמברג תרנה, דף י ע”א. ראה שם.

23 כך מיישב ר’ יעקב יהושע פאלק, ה’פני יהושע’ (גאליציה ואשכנז, תמא-תקטז), פני יהושע, קונטרס אחרון לכתובות ה ע”א. הובאו דבריו בשו”ת משכנות הרועים, שם (לעיל, הערה 22). והסכימו לכך אחרונים נוספים, ראה: ר’ שלמה קלוגר (פולין וגאליציה, תקמו-תרכט), ספר החיים, או”ח, ר”ס תקצז, ירושלים תשסד, עמ’ תתקצג; ר’ שלום מרדכי שוואדרון (גאליציה, תקצה-תרעא), דעת תורה, סי’ תקצז, סעיף א; ר’ נחמן כהנא מספינקא (הונגריה, נפטר בשנת תרסד), ארחות חיים, סי’ תקצז, סעיף א, ס”ק א.

24 מהרש”א, חידושי אגדות, ביצה טו ע”ב, ד”ה ‘בעלי מארה’.

25 ראה: תוס’, עבודה זרה, ד”ה ‘ערב יום טוב’.

26 ר’ ירוחם ליינער, מאמר זהר הרקיע, בתוך: ר’ דוד לוריא, קדמות ספר הזוהר (לעיל, הערה 9), עמ’ קמח-קמט.

אמנם כמובן, שלסוברים שיש לקיים את מנהג ה’סימנים’ אף ביומו של ראש-השנה, אין התרוץ הנוכחי עולה יפה. על שיטה זו, ראה לעיל, פרק…

27 הרב עקיבא אריה יצחק, שדי יער, הוספות ומילואים, סי’ לט, ירושלים תשנח, עמ’ רמב.

28 עוד בענין איסור אכילת הבשר שציוה ה’מגיד’ לר’ יוסף קארו וסתירתו למקורות מפורשים המתירים ומחייבים זאת, ראה: ר’ רחמים נסים יצחק פאלאג’י (איזמיר, תקעד-תרסז), יפה ללב, סי’ תרצז, ס”ק א; ר’ חיים חזקיהו מדיני (ירושלים וחברון, תקצג-תרסה), שדי חמד, מהדורת פרדימן, כרך ט, מערכת ראש השנה, סי’ ב, אות ג; ר’ חיים צבי עהרענרייך (סלובאקיה-הונגריה, תרלג-תרצז), קצה המטה (על ספר ‘מטה אפרים’), סי’ תקפג, ס”ק ז; ר’ מרדכי שפילמן, תפארת צבי, ה, ניו-יורק תשנט, עמ’ קצו; מגיד משרים, מהדורת הרב בר-לב, פתח תקוה תשנ, הסכמת הרב שריה דבליצקי; הרב י”ל קלירס, ‘עניני הלכה שבספר ‘מגיד מישרים’ למרן הבית יוסף’, צפונות, ט (תשנה), עמ’ לא; הרב יששכר דובער שוורץ, מנחת דבשי, אנטוורפן תשסז, עמ’ ריג, עמ’ ריח.

29 צ”ל: ושחקרתם. ראה: י’ ברודי (להלן, הערה 30), עמ’ 305, שינויי נוסחאות, הערה יב.

30 ספר ראבי”ה, ח”ב, מסכת ראש השנה, ר”ס תקמז. והובאה גם (בשם ‘תשובות הגאונים’!), בשינויים קלים ובלתי משמעותיים, באור זרוע, ח”ב, הלכות ראש השנה, ר”ס רנז; מרדכי, יומא, סי’ תשכג. תשובה זו, בשינויי סגנון, נדפסה על-פי כמה עדי נוסח אצל י’ ברודי, תשובות רב נטרונאי גאון, א, ירושלים תשנד, עמ’ 305-306.

31 רש”י, עבודה זרה ה ע”ב, ד”ה ‘כן לראש השנה’.

32 תוספות רי”ד, עבודה זרה שם, ד”ה ‘בארבעה פרקים’.

33 בית הבחירה, חולין פג ע”א: “צריך להודיע לזה, שכבר מכר את האם או את הבת לשחוט, מפני שבארבעה פרקים אלו הכל רגילים להרבות בסעודה, וסתם הלוקחים – לשחיטה הם לוקחים, ואלו הם: ….וכן בערב ראש השנה, לסימן טוב, ולכבוד החג”.

34 פירוש ר’ יהונתן מלוניל, חולין שם: “ערב ראש השנה מרבין בשמחה לסימן שישמחו בו כל השנה כולה”.

35 נמוקי יוסף, חולין שם: “בארבעה פרקים [אלו] דרך ישראל לעשות סעודות, וסתם הלוקח בהמה אינו לוקחה אלא לשוחטה מיד… [וגם] ראש השנה, מרבין בשמחה, לסימן שישמחו כל השנה”.

36 ספר גימטריאות לרבינו יהודה החסיד, ב, פרשת מסעי, אות ה, מהדורת י”י סטל, ירושלים תשסה, עמ’ תרלח, וראה שם הערות 14-21.

37 פירוש הרוקח על התורה, ג, פרשת בהעלותך, בני-ברק תשסא, עמ’ מא.

38 לא ידוע מתי בדיוק הוא חי, אך ברור שנמנה על חסידי אשכנז מדורו של ר’ אלעזר מוורמייזא או מהדור שלאחריו.

39 פירוש רבינו אפרים וגדולי אשכנז, ב, פרשת בהעלותך, ירושלים תשס, עמ’ פג.

40 כלומר, במקום לחשב את אות ר’ שב’ראש-חודש’ עבור ראשי-התיבות ‘בשר’, ניתן למנות את ‘ראש-השנה’.

41 פירוש רבינו אפרים וגדולי אשכנז (לעיל, הערה 39), פרשת ראה, עמ’ קפא.

42 דעת זקנים מבעלי התוספות, במדבר יא ט.

43 משיבת נפש, מהדורת י’ הופמן, ירושלים תשנח, עמ’ רכב.

44 מנהג זה נזכר כבר ב’תשובת קדמונים’ שהובאה בספר ראבי”ה, ח”ב, מסכת ראש השנה, ר”ס תקמז: “מצאתי בתשובת קדמונים: שחקקתם שאנו נחשי נחישות במה שאנו רגילים ליקח ראשי כבשים בראש השנה… הנה זה הניחוש טוב הוא, ורובו מן יסוד המקרא והאגדות. ראשי כבשים שאנו רגילים לאכול בראש השנה, כדי שישימנו הקב”ה – שהוא ראש לכל – לראש ולא לזנב…”. תשובה זו הובאה (בשם ‘תשובות הגאונים’!) באור זרוע, ח”ב, הלכות ראש השנה, ר”ס רנז [ותומצתה בקיצור נמרץ בהגהות אשרי, ראש השנה, פרק א, סי’ ה]; מרדכי, יומא, סי’ תשכג [ותורף דבריו הובאו בבית יוסף, או”ח, סי’ תקפג, אות ב].

וראה עוד ספר חסידים, סי’ נט: “ואין לנו ניחוש לסימן אלא במה שאמרו חכמים, כענין שאמרו, בראש השנה יאכלו ראש איל, על שם נהיה לראש…”; אבודרהם, סדר תפילת ראש השנה, ירושלים תשכג, עמ’ רסו: “ויש נוהגים לאכול ראש כבש ודגים… על שם ‘והיית לראש ולא לזנב’; מחזור מכל השנה [עם פירוש ‘מעגלי צדק’], לאחר ערבית ליום ראשון דראש-השנה, סביוניטה שיז-שכ, דף רכה סע”ב [=י’ הרשקוביץ (מהדיר), מעגלי צדק, ירושלים תשס, עמ’ קח]: “ונוהגים לאכול ראש איל” (ענייני הלכה והמנהג שנדפסו שם בשם ‘מעגלי צדק’, לוקטו מפסקי ההלכות שהוסיף ר’ בנימין ב”ר מאיר הלוי להמחזור הגדול מכל השנה, שאלוניקי שי, אשר משקף את המנהג האשכנזי שעל אדמת איטליה”. ראה לעיל, פרק…, אות…, הערה .

כך נהג מהר”ם מרוטנבורג, ראה תשב”ץ, סי’ קיח: “מהר”ם ז”ל היה רגיל לאכול בליל ראשון של ראש השנה ראש של איל, זכר לאילו של יצחק” [מנהגו של מהר”ם מרוטנבורג הובא בהרבה ראשונים, לדוגמא, ראה: אבודרהם, סדר תפילת ראש השנה, ירושלים תשכג, עמ’ רסו; טור, או”ח, סי’ תקפג, ומשם לספר מנהגים דבי מהר”ם ב”ר ברוך מרוטנבורג, ענין ראש השנה, מהדורת י”ש אלפנביין, ניו-יורק תרחצ, עמ’ 40].

וגם מהרי”ל נהג כיוצא בכך. ראה ספר מהרי”ל – מנהגים, הלכות ראש השנה, אות ח, ירושלים תשמט, עמ’ רעז: “דרש מהר”י סג”ל, דמצוה לאכול בליל ראש השנה ראש של איל, זכר לעקידה, ולמען שנהיה לראש ולא לזנב. והוא נהג, לאכול בשר הראש עם דבש”.

ואף ר’ ישראל איסרלין, בעל ‘תרומת הדשן’, נהג כך: “ובכל פעם שאכל בשני ימים בראש השנה… ומיד אחר כך אכל מראש של איל בלא לחם, וטובל בדבש” (לקט יושר, א, עמ’ 129).

בפרובאנס (דרום צרפת) נהג כך כל הצבור. ראה טור, או”ח, סי’ תקפג: “ובפרובינצא נוהגין להביא על השלחן כל מיני חידוש, ואוכלין ראש כבש והריאה, לומר, נהיה לראש ולא לזנב…”. ומשם העתיקו, בשינויים גדולים, ר’ אייזיק טירנא, ספר המנהגים, ענין ראש השנה, עמ’…, וכפי שכתוב בסופו ‘הכל מ[טור] אורח חיים’. והשווה ספר המנהיג, הלכות ראש השנה, עמ’ שד-שה, המעיד על אותו מקום – פרובאנס: “יש לי סמך למנהג פרובינצא לקחת כל עינייני חידוש ולתת על השלחן בלילי ראש-השנה לסימנא טבא לכל שנה הבאה, ראש כבש – שיהיו לראש ולא לזנב… ומנהג אבותינו תורה היא”. שכאן הוא מזכיר מנהג להניח על השלחן ראש כבש ועדיין איננו יודעים שהם אכלוהו. אולם נראה, שאין לטעון שבתקופת ‘ספר המנהיג’ היה מקובל רק להניחו על השולחן, ומספר דורות לאחר מכן – בתקופת ר’ יעקב בן הרא”ש, בעל ה’טור’ – שינו את מנהגם ואכלוהו. כי הנאמר ב’מחזור ויטרי’, שקדם מעט ל’ספר המנהיג’, תואם לדברי ה’טור’. ראה מחזור ויטרי, א, סי’ שכג, עמ’…: “מכאן נהגו בני צרפת, לאכול בראש השנה תפוחים אדומים. וכן בפרוונצא, אוכלים ענבים לבנים ותאנים לבנים וראש כבש… לסימן טוב לכל ישראל”.

האחרונים שהכירו את מנהג אכילת ראש כבש בראש-השנה בעיקר מהגהת הרמ”א ל’שלחן ערוך’ (סי’ תקפג, סעיף א) שהביא את דברי המרדכי, יומא, שם, כבר העירו שמנהג זה נוגד לדברי ה’מגיד’, ראה: ר’ מאיר סולובייצ’יק (ליטא), המאיר לארץ, חידושים על טור ושו”ע או”ח, סי’ תקצז, סלוצק תרעא, דף מח רע”ב; ר’ ישראל חיים פרידמן (טשכוסלובאקיה, תריב-תרפב), ליקוטי מהרי”ח, ג, [סדר תפלת מנחה דר”ה], ירושלים תשסג, דף פא ע”ב, ראה בדבריהם.

45 לקט יושר, א, עמ’ 129. אך ראה להלן בפרק הנוכחי, אות ג, ליד הערה 57.

46 ר’ יצחק הרשקוביץ (מהדיר), פסקי ושו”ת מהר”ש לובלין, סי’ נח, ברוקלין תשמח, עמ’ טו. ונדפס שוב מאותו כתה”י על-ידי י’ אלבוים, תשובת הלב וקבלת יסורים, ירושלים תשנג, עמ’ 233.

מהרש”ל השני חוזר על דבריו בסיומו של ה’סדר תשובה’: “ולא תאכל בשר… רק בשבתות וימים-טובים. דהיינו, … ושני ימים ראש השנה” (פסקי ושו”ת מהר”ש לובלין, שם, עמ’ יז; י’ אלבוים, שם, עמ’ 236).

47 אגב, כך גם פסק בדורינו ר’ שלמה זלמן אוירבאך (ירושלים, תרע-תשנה). ראה הרב נ’ סטפנסקי, ועלהו לא יבול, א, ירושלים תשסה, עמ’ ריב: “אין חיוב גמור לאכול ביום-טוב בשר בהמה. הרב [=ר’ שלמה זלמן אוירבאך] סיפר לי, שהוא עצמו כן אוכל בשר בהמה ביום-טוב. ומי שנוהג כך בכל יום-טוב, הוא הדין לראש השנה”. וכך גם אצל: הרב ט’ פריינד, שלמי מועד, פרק ח (ליל ראש השנה), ירושלים תשסד, עמ’ ל.

48 סידור שערי שמים, ב, שער שביעי, שער הצאן, חודש אלול וערב ראש-השנה, אות עב, מהדורת י’ וינפלד, ירושלים תשנג, עמ’ רטו.

49 יפה ללב, או”ח, סי’ תקצז, אות א.

50 ערך לחם, או”ח, סו”ס תקפג. נדפס ב’שלחן ערוך’, מהדורת מכון ירושלים, שם, על הגליון.

51 לבוש החור, סי’ תקפג, סעיף ב.

52 שלחן תמיד, הלכות ראש השנה, סי’ ג, אות א, ירושלים תשסד, עמ’ קסג.

53 לשון חכמים, או”ח, סי’ כא, פראג תקעה, דף סא ע”א.

54 חיי אדם, כלל קלט סעיף ו.

55 ערוך השלחן, סי’ תקפג, סעיף ב.

ר’ חיים אלעזר שפירא (גאליציה והונגריה, תרלב-תרצז), בעל שו”ת ‘מנחת אלעזר’, נהג לאכול בשר בהמה אפילו ביום שני של ראש-השנה: “בסעודה זו של יום שני דראש-השנה הקפיד שיהיה לו כזית בשר בהמה כמו שאר יום טוב” (יחיאל מיכל גולד, דרכי חיים ושלום, ענין ראש-השנה, אות תשלא, ירושלים תשל, עמ’ רמב).

56 ראה לעיל בפרק הנוכחי, אות ב, ליד הערה 45.

57 לקט יושר, א, עמ’ 129.

58 כוונתו למשנה, חולין פ”ה משניות ג-ד, מהם עולה שנהגו לאכול בשר בראש-השנה, ראה לעיל, פרק…, אות א, סביבות הערה 8.

59 כך הביא ר’ דוד לוריא, הרד”ל (רוסיה הלבנה, תקנב-תרטז), קדמות ספר הזוהר, ענף חמישי, אות ג, ס”ק ב, תל-אביב תשמה, עמ’ צה.

60 שערי קדושה, חלק ג שער שביעי, ירושלים תשמה, עמ’ צט.

61 ספר הברית, חלק ב, מאמר יא פרק ד, ירושלים תשמא, עמ’ 310.

62 כת”י בניהו. הפיסקה המצוטטת הובאה אצל: מ’ בניהו, יוסף בחירי, ירושלים תשנא, עמ’ שצג-שצד.

63 מטפחת ספרים, פרק ה (‘הערות על ספר הזוהר וחלקיו’), ירושלים תשנה, עמ’ נח. ולדבריו כאן תבין מה שכתב שם להלן, פרק ט (‘הערות על עדות ר’ יצחק דמן עכו’), עמ’ קמב: “ואין ערך לדברי ספר ‘מגיד מישרים’ אל עצמת חכמת האר”י…”. כי בעוד שה’מגידים’ לפעמים אינם דוברים אמת וטועים, האריז”ל זכה ש”נשמות צדיקים ונביאים מגן-עדן גילו לו אותן הסודות העמוקות הנשגבות” (שם, עמ’ קמג).

64 תורת הקנאות, סי’ ח (‘חקירה בענין המגידים בכללן’), אלטונא תקיב, דף מח ע”א.

65 ר’ צבי יברוב, מעשה איש, א, בני ברק תשנט, עמ’ קיט. וכך אצל א’ קורמן, אגדה ומהותה, עמ’ 120 בהערה.

66 כך ביאר ר’ יואל קלופט, אליו ה’חזון איש’ אמר את דבריו אלו. ראה: ר’ צבי יברוב, שם.

67 כתבי ר’ יחיאל וויינברג, א, סקרנטון תשנח, עמ’ קכט.




Dan Rabinowitz — “The Custom of Reciting l’Dovid HaShem Ori”

From last year (with a small update) at the Seforim blog, Dan Rabinowitz’s “The Custom of Reciting l’Dovid HaShem Ori.”




New Book on Weddings

Now, with the passing of Tisha B’Av and the three week period, we now enter the wedding season. Appropriately, there is a new book on the laws and customs of weddings. The book, Beyom Chasunaso, by R. Zev Cinamon, is in English with Hebrew footnotes. The book is highly readable and covers just about every practical aspect of a modern Jewish wedding. There is a discussion about untying knots, the recent emphasis on praying under the Chuppah, removing jewelry and the list goes on. The book does a very good job of distinguishing which customs and laws are obligatory and well-accepted and which are not. Thus, for example, the custom of praying under the Chuppah with long lists of names or having singles go under the chuppah after the ceremony, R. Cinamon notes that this is a new custom and carries with it some possible halakhic problems. Or he discusses the custom some have of singling out the wedding witnesses to the exclusion of all others and why one would do that.

The footnotes are all in Hebrew as has become common in a growing number of English Judaica books. The notes, while not comprehensive do provide ample basis for one to look further into a particular topic. The English written in a very clear fashion which makes this accessible for almost anyone. It is also nice that each time a person is quoted, his birth and death dates are included which enables one to put the comments in perspective. Included are the opinions and customs of modern day rabbis including R. Joseph Baer Soloveitchik, R. Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, and R. Yisrael Chait of Far Rockaway.

The book can be purchased directly from R. Cinamon’s Yeshiva, Yeshiva Gedolah of West Hempstead by calling 516-882-3765 or emailing office@ygwh.org and indicating you want the book. The book is $12.




Daniel Sperber’s New Book – “The Path of Halakha”

As was noted in a prior post, Prof. Daniel Sperber has published another book – Darkah shel Halakha Kiryat Nashim b’Torah. As the title implies the main focus of the book is to discuss the permissablity of women being called to the Torah. Much has already been written on the topic, however, Prof. Sperber’s focus is distinct. He focuses on two aspects (aside from other halachic considerations) kavod ha’briyot and more generally, how halakha has adapted over time. In his inimitable fashion he marshals terrific sources – the footnotes contain a treasure trove of material. It is especially interesting to see, for instance, R. Yissocher Frand and Prof. Michael Silber cited in the same footnote.

The book, however, is not limited to the narrower issue of women and Torah reading but instead, there is an extensive discussion throughout regarding changes which happened throughout history in the halakhic practice. To clarify any ambiguity Prof. Sperber includes an appendix listing many laws from the Shulhan Arukh which are no longer practiced in the same manner as advocated by the Shulhan Arukh. He also has chapters or appendixes devoted to specific instances [interestingly, he doesn’t mention the tosafot, Moed Katan, 21a, s.v. elu which appears to support his thesis] where there have been changes in practice, including inter alia menstruating women attending the synagogue, the Bat Mitzvah ceremony, and even the inclusion of an ezras nashim (women’s section) in the synagogue. In this last one, we are provided with a terrific history of architecture of synagogues from the Temple period onward.

There are, however, a few places where, Prof. Sperber is not as comprehensive as he is in some of his previous works. While these are a mere handful of footnotes, nevertheless it is worth noting. For instance, in a note he discusses the issue of blowing shofar when Rosh Hashanah falls on Shabbat. While his sources are rather impressive, he misses (on purpose perhaps?) the Mo’adim l’Simcha’s discussion [although he does mention an entire work on the topic which I was unaware – Shofar b’Rosh haShana sh’Chal L’hiyot b’Shabbat, by R. Menachem Bornstein]. Or where he discusses the historic evidence of whether it is permitted to read the newspaper on Shabbat he mentions the controversy about the translation of R. Barukh ha-Levi Epstein’s Mekor Barukh which states the Netziv read the paper on Shabbat. Prof. Sperber doesn’t mention that there is now a entire book devoted to the topic, R. Y. S. Bifus, Mikrayei Kodesh HaKiryah haMutteres ve’haAssurah b’Shabbat, Jerusalem, 2003 (122 pages) as well as Rabbi Dr. Jacob J. Schacter’s article “Facing the Truths of History,” Torah u-Madda Journal 8 (2000): 200-273 [PDF]. These are minor points and should not take away from the whole of the book.

Of course, the ultimate subject matter is the propriety of women and reading the Torah. In this area, Prof. Sperber is very convincing. Again, the sources used are wide ranging. Irrespective of one’s views on the topic, there is much to gain by this book. In fact, whether one is even interested in the particular topic of women and Torah reading is really no matter, this book is worthwhile reading.

The book can be purchased at Biegeleisen books in the US, or it is published by, and can be obtained from, Rubin Mass in Israel.




The Eighth and Final Volume of Daniel Sperber’s Minhagei Yisrael Has Appeared

Mossad HaRav Kook has just published the eighth and final volume of Rabbi Prof. Daniel Sperber‘s Minhagei Yisrael. This final volume includes a complete and comprehensive index of all eight volumes volumes of Minhagei Yisrael. For this reason alone this volume is worthwhile, as anyone who has used the prior volumes knows, at times topics are spread over multiple volumes, sometimes in footnotes, which makes it difficult to locate particular topics. The first index is comprised of multiple indices; Mishna, Talmud, and Midrashim/Zohar. Additionally, there is an index using the Tur/Shulhan Arukh. The second index is done topically. Aside from the index, this volume includes a rather nice introduction where Professor Sperber discusses most of the recent literature on minhagim. Although not intended to be a full bibliography, it does include almost all the important books published on this topic in the last 15+ years, a topic that we will return to in forthcoming posts at the Seforim blog.

As with all the other volumes of Minhagei Yisrael there are also additional articles discussing minhagim. This volume starts off with a long quote from Rabbi Chaim Williamowsky. This quote, typifies the vast majority of Professor Sperber’s articles in this volume. R. Williamowsky notes that it is important to trace the history of minhagim as some are non-Jewish in origin and instead were borrowed and adopted from foreign cultures. Sperber then spends the next 100+ pages discussing minhagim which fall into that latter category. Sperber discusses the following customs — I have provided citations only if the custom is not the main focus of an article — the groom stepping on the foot of the bride (p. 14 n. 4 [and should make this person happy that in fact it has non-Jewish roots]); upsherin; round-matzot which are not linked to a non-Jewish custom, only that there is no reason to prefer round over square (p. 29-30 n. 26); which day of the week to get married, including a discussion of Friday marriages (p. 33 n. 13); marriage during a waxing of the moon (p. 37-40); bride and groom fasting on their wedding day; the huppah canopy; not having knots at the wedding (p. 71 n. 11); throwing a shoe at a wedding; burning clothing at the graves site of R. Shimon bar Yochai; feeding mourners eggs after the burial (p. 72); the additional “holy” names in mezzuzot, tzizit as protection (p. 112 n. 61 – this one may have gone from Jews to non-Jews as well as the notion of a door post protect, see idem); the use of פי פי פי to concentrate during prayers (p. 113); dipping bread in salt to protect from evil spirits.

Sperber is able to trace back almost all of these topics and offer why and when the Jews accepted what was common amongst from within the particular culture they were living. Sperber’s sources are especially helpful as, at times, others have made arguments that customs are originally non-Jewish in nature but provide no sources. For instance, both R. Gavriel Zinner and then R. Benyomin Hamburger both note the possibility that upsherin comes from non-Jewish sources. But neither provides any detail on this point. Sperber fills a significant lacuna.

Although the above makes up the bulk of this volume there are few other items of interest. Sperber offers a possibility why the custom arose to say the verse ויהי בנסע ארון at the removal of the Torah and then also discusses the recitation of the Ten Commandments at קריאה שמע על המטה. The rest of the articles are additions to this one. That is a discussion about the placement of the Ten Commandments generally by Professor Meir Schwartz. Additionally, as the source for the recitation is R. Yitzhak Klover, grandfather of the R. Shelomoh Luria (Maharshal), Dr. Meir Rapfeld provides biographical and bibliographical information about this important figure. Dr. Rapfeld also has a discussion about a custom in the synagogue of the Maharshal. There is an article from R. Meir Kodesh discussing the custom amongst mourners to wear black.

Finally, as in all of the previous volumes, Prof. Sperber has included additions and corrections covering all of the volumes.

In all, this is an excellent end to a terrific series on minhagim. The book is available in Israel directly from Mosad HaRav Kook who currently is running a sale and in the US at Biegeleisen books (and in due course) at your local seforim store.




Review: Jay Berkovitz’s”Rites and Passages: The Making of Jewish Culture in Modern France” (Hebrew)

Merkaz Zalman Shazar has published Jay Berkovitz’s book מסורת ומהפיכה-תרבות יהודית בצרפת בראשית העת החדשה discussing French Jewry and specifically the changes and challenges of modernity. This book is an expanded version of the English Rites and Passages: The Beginnings of Modern Jewish Culture in France, 1650-1860 (UPenn Press) which is available at the previous link and here. Both versions are invaluable for viewing French Jewry and France gernally, a county typically neglected in milieu of Jewish history which tends to focus on Central or Eastern Europe. But, as France experienced emancipation in the late 18th century it is important to see how French Jews dealt with their new found freedom. As Berkovitz correctly points out to understand the impact of emancipation, one needs to examine the history beforehand as well – thus he begins in the 17th century.

Additionally, this book is important in some of the persons it discusses. For instance, there is an extensive discussion of R. Aaron Worms the author of the Me’ori Or. The Me’ori Or – a seven volume work which some may be familiar due to his suggestion that one should recite the blessings of “thank God for not making me a woman or a non-Jew” silently. (See Tradition 29:4 and the articles by Joel B. Wolowelsky and Emanuel Feldman and Shu”t Beni Banim 4:1).

While this is perhaps his most well known opinion, this work contains a treasure trove of information. As is evident from R. Yosef Zechariah Stern, a rather erudite person in his own respect, who cites the Me’ori Or extensively. As one can tell from R. Aaron Worm’s opinion for the blessings, he was a sort of iconoclast. While there have been a handful of articles discussing R. Aaron, this book now places him in his full historical context. Berkovitz fleshes out how R. Aaron fits with French change generally and further develops the thought and impact of R. Aaron. Aside from his Me’ori Or, R. Aaron was also part of the Sanhedrin which Napoleon convened, and Berkovitz includes R. Aaron’s address to that body. And while Rabbi David Sintzheim is perhaps the most well known, Berkovitz discusses the (important) impact R. Aaron had on this body. This impact is not limited to the Sanhedrin, but a deeper understanding of what R. Aaron was advocating places him in the forefront of modernity.

All in all, Berkovitz’s book is a worthwhile contribution to understanding modernity and some of the methods that prior generations have adopted in dealing with its challenges.




Yigdal: A Case Study in Modern Customology

Yigdal: A Case Study in Modern Customology
by Dan Rabinowitz

Another blog recently raised the question about the origin of saying Yigdal at the end of services on Friday night. Specifically, they wanted to demonstrate that this custom is not a “modern” or “Young Israel” custom and instead was very old. Although in practice today, this view is perhaps the prevalent custom with most yeshivot and similar minyanim not reciting this and Young Israel and those similar do. In an attempt to refute this postion, the Hertz siddur was marshaled. Chief Rabbi Joseph H. Hertz records that in 1722 in England they said Yigdal Friday night, thus, according to that post, demonstrating the Yigdal custom is old (or at least from 1722).

While the above provides a basic introduction, this topic, and that of Yigdal in general, deserves greater explication.

First, to establish when people said Yigdal on Friday night, a check of early siddurim is necessary. Today this can be done online via the JNUL’s digital project which has numerous early siddurim. The earliest I have located which contains Yigdal is in the 1486 edition of the siddur. From then on, in just about every subsequent edition of the siddur, Yigdal appears at the end of Friday night prayers. This is the case irrespective of the nusach. These early siddurim then show that, at least from the late 15th century on, the almost universal custom was to say Yigdal Friday night. [This is not to say the recitation Friday night is the only custom, in fact there are others, but merely to point out the custom of reciting Yigdal on Friday night has a clear precedent.]

We now must turn to see if there are other issues with the recitation of Yigdal which would label it as “modern.” Admittedly in this search we are somewhat handicapped in that we don’t know what would qualify as a “modern” or as some refer to it “Young Israel” custom, thus, we are forced to utilized gross generalizations, which unfortunately may not be the exact definition of “modern.” Perhaps, as the study of Hebrew grammar has been referred to by some as “modern” it is an emphasis upon grammar which makes Yigdal “modern.” This, however, is not borne out by the commentaries. To the contrary, many grammarians disapprove, on grammatical grounds, of Yigdal. For example, R. Yitzhak Satanow, in both his earlier work on prayer – Iggeret l’Bet Teffilah – and his later and more comprehensive work – V’etar Yitzhak decries the grammar in Yigdal. He notes that Yigdal, among other Hebrew poems, uses incorrect grammar to satisfy the meter of the poem. R. Shelomoh Zalman Hanau also makes the same point. So it would appear there is not an overemphasis on grammar, rather the opposite is the case, it actually presents some grammatical problems.

R. Jacob Emden disapproves of Yigdal because it makes it seem that there are only thirteen requirements to Judaism, while in fact there are many, many others. While this may be an issue with Yigdal it is equally a problem with reciting the Ani Ma’amin prayer which many do at the end of the daily prayers. Additionally, this does not speak to the specific question at hand – reciting Yigdal on Friday night, and not, as these authorities would have it, never. Even though many do not say Yigdal Friday night, and in some siddurim today it does not appear there, many still include it as part of the morning prayers. Again, it appears this would not be the issue with the Friday night recitation.

Now, we must turn to the authorship of Yigdal. For many years it was an open question who actually authored Yigdal. As there is no clear acrostic it was difficult to prove conclusively who was the author. Some said since it is based upon Maimonides’s formulation of the Thirteen Principles of Faith he must also be the author. Others said it was R. Yehiel b. Barukh. They argued his name appears in the last verse of Yigdal – יחי אל and “ברוך” עדי עד. The first option, the Maimonidian authorship, is somewhat problematic for two reasons. First, although Maimonides did formulate Thirteen Principles that does not mean he then wrote every single thing about them which followed. In fact Yigdal is not the only poem to use the Rambam’s principles – there are about ninety-one poems which utilize the Rambam’s principles. Second, at first glance it appears that one of the principles is actually missing from Yigdal. The principle that does not appear is limiting pray to God and no other. But, this has been solved by noting there is in all likelihood a very small error in the text of Yigdal. Two very similar letters – the Resh and the Daled – have been switched. Instead of יורה למכותו it should read יודה למלכותו. Meaning, thank or praise his (God’s) kingdom and “God’s” kingdom alone.

In the 19th century, R. Samuel David Luzzatto (“Shadal”) claimed to have discovered the real author of Yigdal. He did so based upon two manuscripts he called attention to. These state that ר’ דניאל בן יהודה הדיין was סדר Yigdal. Thus, we now have explict evidence of who was the author – we have an author’s byline as it was.

Although this would have appeared to settle the issue, it did not. Soon after, Shadal’s thesis was challenged and instead another person was claimed to be the true author of Yigdal – Immanuel b. Isaac of Rome. The basis for this assertion was Immanuel has a similar poem to Yigdal which actually contains the word Yigdal and then continues to go through the Thirteen Principles of Faith. Additionally, Immanuel’s name can be found in Yigdal – לעמו אל.

But what to do with the manuscript Shadal found which explicitly states it was not Immanuel but instead Daniel b. Yehudah? According to those who espouse Immanuel as the author, they note the word is not חיבר – authored- but instead סדר – which typically means edited.

Now if in fact Immanuel did author Yigdal it would be somewhat understandable why some may take issue with Yigdal. The Yigdal corollary appears in Immanuel’s Machberet, which also contains some risqué poems. This was offensive to some and R. Yosef Karo actually mentions this book by name, a somewhat unusual occurrence in his Shulhan Arukh, and says one should not read it on the Shabbat.

Nevertheless, it appears the consensus on the authorship of Yigdal follows Shadal and declines to read סדר as edited. So we are left with a rather innocuous author of Yigdal. So, on its face it seems there is nothing which leads to the conclusion that Yigdal is a “modern” custom. Instead, in all likelihood the reason that some do not say Yigdal is not due it modernity but rather due to a modern concern. This concern is that of the 16th century Kabbalist, R. Isaac Luria, (“Ari”). The Ari states that certain poems were written without the necessary kabbalistic intent and therefore they should not be recited – Yigdal is one of them. Thus, it would seem that this modern concern is why some have stopped saying Yigdal on Friday night.

Sources: As mentioned above, one can see the siddurim which include Yigdal Friday night at the David and Fela Shapell Family Digitization Project at the Jewish National and University Library; Iggeret l’Bet Teffilah (Berlin, 1772): 7b-8a; Y. Satanow, V’etar Yitzhak (Vienna, 1815): 9; Landshuth, Amudei Avodah (Berlin 1857): 101; D. Oppenheim, “Ha’arot ve-Heherot ‘al Shir Yigdal v’Yud Gimel Ikkarim,” in HaMaggid 11:21 (29th May 1867): Immanuel of Rome, Machbarot, Steinschneider ed. (Lemberg, 1870): 39, end of the fourth section; Samuel David Luzzatto, Mevo l’Machzor Beni Roma, p. 44; Reifmann, Michtavim, in HaKarmel, Shana Bet, 103-04, 165-66; Hartwig Hirschfeld, “Immanuel of Rome and Other Poets on the Jewish Creed,” Jewish Quarterly Review (n.s.) 5:4 (April, 1915): 529-542; idem., “The Author of the Yigdal Hymn,” Jewish Quarterly Review (n.s.) 11:1 (July, 1920): 86-88; Alexander Marx, “A List of Poems on the Articles of the Creed,” Jewish Quarterly Review (n.s.) 9:3-4 (January, 1919): 305-36; Jacob J. Schacter, Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Major Works (unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1988), 327; Marc B. Shapiro, The Limits of Orthodox Theology, pp. 17-20.




Simchat ha-Nefesh: An Important But Often Ignored Work on German Jewish Customs

Simchat ha-Nefesh:
An Important But Often Ignored Work on German Jewish Customs
By Eliezer Brodt

While doing research for a forthcoming article on the topic of saying דרשות at wedding celebrations, I kept noticing secondary sources citing to the work שמחת הנפש. Yet, after obtaining many editions of the שמחת הנפש I was still unable to locate the quotes regarding wedding speeches! After a while, I came across a citation to a specific edition of the שמחת הנפש and came to the realization that there was a second volume to this title, one that is very rare, and has only reprinted once. While the first volume was reprinted numerous times, it was this second volume of שמחת הנפש that contained the information I needed. It was in 1926 that Professor Yaakov Shatsky published an edition of שמחת הנפש which includes this second section and thus I was finally found the elusive source!

The question remained, though, as to why this source was not in all the other editions that I had looked at; in order to understand why, a discussion of שמחת הנפש is warranted.

The author of the שמחת הנפש was ר’ אלחנן קירכהן – son-in-law of the famous author of קב הישר, R. Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanov – was born in 1666 in קירכהן (hence his surname) which is not far from Hamburg. ר’ אלחנן קירכהן was a quite a Talmid Hakham and is evident from his sefer and correspondences with many גדולים of his time such as ר’ יהונתן אייבשיץ. (See בינה לעתים הלכות יום טוב פרק א הלכה כג ; שמחת הנפש, ירושלים, תשנ”ט Introduction, pp. 31-32 ; כל בו על אבילות .עמוד 200-201)

ר’ אלחנן קירכהן wrote seforim on many topics, but only one of his other seforim, חידושים מספר (see שמחת הנפש, Shatsky ed., 1926, pp. 29-30.), was published and the others still remain in manuscript. It seems from his writings that he was a professional darshan. It is also clear that he traveled all over Europe, as throughout the sefer, he gives accounts of his travels. In 1707, he printed anonymously the first two parts of what would ultimately become his famous work, שמחת הנפש. The first two parts were printed many times in many places, while the third part, the one printed in 1727, was printed only once. (See Shatsky’s introduction, especially pp. 23-28, where there is an extensive bibliography of the exact printings. See אוצר הספרים לבן יעקב ; עמוד 594 אות 864.)

It is this mysterious third part, which is very rare; indeed, few copies exist in libraries worldwide. In 1926, however, it was reprinted by Professor Yaakov Shatsky in a facsimile edition.

Many important personages praised שמחת הנפש. For example, ר’ יהונתן אייבשיץ (in his יערות דבש, א, דרוש יב, באמצע), strongly praise the שמחת הנפש ;ר’ יוסף מאיר אב”ד האנובר in his הסכמה writes that one could פסקן from this sefer, a point we will return to later! (הסכמה למהודרא פירדא תפז); the חתם סופר also spoke very highly of the sefer, (הסכמה של ר’ שמעון סופר למהדורת פאקש תרנט, Intro to the ירושלים edition pg 36-37.)

ר’ שמען סופר writes that his father, the כתב סופר, used to learn theשמחת הנפש on שבת with his sister. He also writes that within the copy of the שמחת הנפש of his grandfather, ר’ עקיבא איגר, he had seen comments in the sefer. Interestingly enough, we find that ר’ עקיבא איגר quotes from the sefer in his notes שלחן ערוך גליון רע”א סי’ תרצו סעיף ד. The sefer was among the list of seforim in the library of ר’ פנחס קאטצענאליבויגען. (See יש מנחלין עמוד נ אות קכב; and Dan’s post Ghosts, Demons, Golems and their Halachik Status about ר’ פנחס קאטצענאליבויגען.) In 1898, in Faux, Hungary, at the suggestion of ר’ שמעון סופר, a copy of שמחת הנפש was reprinted with a פירוש by ר’ יהודה קרויס. For other examples of those praising the שמחת הנפש, see the introduction to the most recent edition by ר’ שמואל לוריא.

שמחת הנפש was extremely popular amongst the general populace as is evident from the fact that it was reprinted throughout Europe at least twenty-eight times. Even the most recent edition (a Hebrew translation) was reprinted just a year later. What is so exceptional about the sefer? I believe that the answer lies in the way it was written. With its very captivating and down-to-earth language, the sefer speaks to the reader in a clear manner and keeps one interested using many stories and parables (seeתולדות ספרות ישראל עמוד 103-108.) In addition, שמחת הנפש was an excellent halakhic guide for the masses for regular day-to-day situations.

Unfortunately as with many of our seforim, at one point this book was banned, and even, according to some, burnt. Zinberg explains that the reason it was burnt was because at the end of the first volume, there is a second part containing halakhot, about which the printer wrote in the shar blatt “שלחן ערוך, אורח חיים ויורה דעה ומנהגים של כל השנה.” People felt it was dangerous to give a sefer which allowed the masses to easily find the law (תולדות ספרות ישראל,ד, עמוד 107 ; ספר וסייף, עמוד174-176). This was despite the fact, as mentioned previously, thatר’ יוסף מאיר אב”ד האנובר says in his הסכמה to the sefer, that one couldפסקן from the sefer, and despite the fact that ר’ עקיבא איגר actually did פסקן from it. However, after this one incident, there is no indication of any other strong opposition as is self evident from the amount of subsequent printings.

As mentioned previously, שמחת הנפש is composed of three volumes. The author lists the contents of his sefer on the title page. Amongst them are: (1) מוסר and תוכחה with many משלים ומעשיות; (2) Proofs of why one should not get upset about anything, as everything that happens is from G-d and for ones benefit; (3) Proof of the existence of the נשמה; (4) The הלכות of the whole year including הלכות for woman on חלה ונדה (this was the second part of the first volume). In his introduction he adds that he wrote the part of הלכות because there are many places where people do not haveרבנים to ask there questions to. So he included the הלכות so everyone could now what to do. He even writes that one could rely on it not like other seforim that have many mistakes. (This is in contrast to many Halakha seforim where the author writes “do not rely on me.”) This last part stating that one could rely upon the sefer, however, was not reprinted in all the editions of the sefer. In the introduction he writes even more clearly the goal of the sefer:

“I prove that one does not have to worry I give many solutions to deal with pain… I show that the נשמה is created to serve g-d. With this I have included all the דינים, so one should know how to serve him. All that you do should be with שמחה therefore I called the sefer שמחת הנפש.”

In 1727 he wrote a third part which (called part two). This part consists of הלכות ומוסר in the form of songs for שבת, יום נוראים, סוכות, פסח, חנוכה, פורים, חתונה, מילה, וכל השנה. He even included the musical notes for the songs. The inclusion of musical notes was an innovative method of giving mussar. The author’s goal was to reach the masses, even the people who lived in the villages he had visited and had seen that they were negligent in many of the areas discussed in the sefer.

שמחת הנפש, is a practical, down to earth book. We can see this through many points mentioned in the sefer such as: when doing תשובה , one should do it slowly and not be too hard on oneself with excessive fasting (ירושלים ed., p. 154); don’t hit a child before age four (Idem at p. 175); a recurring theme throughout the book is the author comforting people who lost children (Idem at pp. 27,28,30,55,62), which was a common occurrence in those days. The author mentions that he himself also lost a child (Idem at p. 47). שמחת הנפש contains many interesting topics, such asנשמות, ניסים , andשדים . The sefer is full of interesting stories about these topics, some of which the author was eyewitness to or was actually involved in. For example, in the chapter on demons, the author writes that he personally saw a boy of three speaking about concepts of Torah and Kabbalah that he didn’t understand (Idem at p. 52). He also mentions that when he was in Poland, there was a woman whose children were killed by a demon (Idem at p. 53). Also mentioned in שמחת הנפש is the famous legend that when the רמב”ם died, his ארון traveled to ארץ ישראלby itself (Idem at p.106). [For more on this legend see ספר יוחסין עמ’ 220;שלשלת הקבלה עמ’ ק ;במאבק על ערכה של תורה עמ’ 246;אגרת ארץ ישראל (יערי) עמ’ 302;ארשת חלק ו עמ’ 63]

The book quotes from a wide range of sources: חז”ל, ראשונים, ספרי קבלה, and many interesting seforim such as: צרי היגן, שבט מיהודה, נשמת חיים, מקוה ישראל, מסעות ר’ בנימן and many others. It is evident that the author must have had access to an unusually extensive library for his time.

שמחת הנפש is a pretty much untapped wellspring of מנהגים of Germany. The reader can also get a clear picture of life in those times, especially in the small villages. As the author traveled, he wrote מוסר based on what he felt the people he met on his travels were lax in.

One of the first people who tapped into this source was Zinberg (תולדות ספרות ישראל חלק ד עמ’ ,144-146,102-110). After that, Professor Simcha Assaf quotes the שמחת הנפש once in his masterpiece, (מקורות לתולדות החינוך בישראל, א, עמוד 164-165). Professor Yaakov Shatsky printed his edition after that. After Professor Shatsky,אברהם יערי used it a few times in his classic work תולדות חג שמחת תורה (pp. 320, 328, 378, 465, 476, 505). Then Professor Jacob Rader Marcus introduced it to Herman Pollack who quotes from it extensively in his book, “Jewish Folkways in Germanic Lands,” as a quick look in the Pollack’s book and its footnotes will show. Despite this, today the שמחת הנפש is a pretty much unknown book in the field, with the exception of Rabbi Shlomo Hamburger, who uses it as a source in his books on minhagim. To the extent that Professor Zev Gris in his book ספרות ההנהגות which is devoted to the topic of the seforim of מוסר והנהגות and their impact, does not even mention it. But later on, it seems that the book was brought to his attention. He discusses the שמחת הנפש in a later book of his, called הספר כסוכן תרבות (pp. 58, 69, 96). In his analysis of Jewish Attitudes toward Gambling, Leo Landman refers to שמחת הנפש as he writes:

“A seventeenth century German moralist complained bitterly about some professional gamblers who would pawn their Talit and Tefillen or their Arba Kanfot in order to raise money for gaming.”

See his “Jewish Attitudes toward Gambling the Professional and Compulsive Gambler,” Jewish Quarterly Review 57:4 (April, 1967): 311.

Some interesting samples of מנהגים and daily life that are mentioned in the sefer are: saying יגדל every day ירושלים) ed., p. 89), dinnim of זכר לחורבןsuch as leaving a spot in the house unpainted (Idem at pp. 75,123), חתן and כלה fasting on the day of their chupah (Idem at p. 174). The reader is able to see from the book which areas people were negligent in. For example: they were not careful about shaving with a razor (Idem at p. 94), and people used to play cards all night (Idem at p. 121). The author describes how the people dealt harshly with each other in business matters (Idem at p. 149). He speaks againstחזנים that do not understand what they’re davening and says that this is a cause for the long galus (Idem at pp. 153-154). Interestingly, he writes that parents sent their kids to dance school (Idem at p. 122).

All of the above is in the first part of volume one. The following are examples from the second part of the volume which is, in a sense, a complete handbook on אורח חיים andיורה דעה . When the author talks about ראש השנה, he says, “we do not sleep onראש השנה, rather we learn the whole day but it’s worse not to sleep and talk”.דברים בטלים (See הלכות ראש השנה עמוד נח סוף העמוד.)

He also includes an extensive chapter on תחומין as it seems many villages were lax in this area (See “Jewish Folkways in Germanic Lands,” p. 323 note 104; ירושלים ed., pp. 30-31). In the third part, (called volume two) which is written in song, as previously mentioned, the author speaks against women that drank excessive amounts of alcohol at wedding and בריתי מילה (vol. two, p. 18). People in the villages children dealt with the farm animal’s onשבת (see תולדות ספרות ישראל עמוד 145), and people wrote מגלת אסתר on paper (Idem).

One topic which is dealt with throughout the sefer is tznius. The author goes so far as to say that the reason why many Jews died in ת”ח ות”ט and other גזירות was because of lack of tznius (ירושלים ed., pp. 64, 124). Examples of tznius the people of his times were lax in include: men and women who weren’t married to each other danced together in public, some women were very involved in dressing in order to be attractive to men. In contrast to all this, the author was told that in Turkey, the people were so careful with tznius that men hardly ever saw women. Women didn’t go to shul, and when guests stayed in someone’s house, the man of the house didn’t allow his wife and daughters to see the guests (Idem at p. 64).

Another issue the author takes a strong stance was the education system. In the first part of the sefer, he recommends that when starting to teach children to learn, you ought to begin with תנ”ך and דקדוק. Only after that should one continue on to משנה and גמרא. That’s the only way people will have success in learning. He states that many people leave the field of learning at a young age, and because they don’t know the basics of תנ”ך and דקדוק, they can’t understand the tefillos they say daily. To quote the sefer, “I’m writing this in German so that everyone can understand, especially women who are busy with child raising. The women should not think that their sons have to learn גמרא at an early age. The מהר”ל and others already said that one should first learn תנ”ך, then דקדוק, and only then move on to משנה and גמרא.” He repeats this in the third part of the sefer, in short, where he mentions that people only teach their children גמרא and not תנ”ך. (See מהדורת תפז עמוד יח. Professor Simcha Assaf in מקורות לתולדות חינוך בישראל only quotes the last source on education.)

In conclusion, the שמחת הנפש is a truly unique sefer. The first part of שמחת הנפש was translated but it could use much more extensive notes. It would be very worthwhile for someone to undertake to translate all three parts of the sefer with extensive footnotes, as was recently done to Gluckel von Hameln.

Many editions of the שמחת הנפש is available online here, including the first – the 1707 edition as well as the rare 1727 edition. Aside from שמחת הנפש the site, from the Frankfurt University Library, contains over 700 Yiddish prints, all free.




A Look at Makhon Moreshet Ashkenaz’s New Journal: Yerushateinu

A Look at Makhon Moreshet Ashkenaz’s New Journal: Yerushateinu
By Eliezer Brodt

There is a new journal published by מכון מורשת אשכנז titled ירושתנו. This מכון is well known for producing some excellent works, amongst them זכרונות ומסורות על החת”ם סופר and the four volumes ofשרשי מנהג אשכנז . This journal they promise to put out once a year but only time will tell, as anyone familiar with this מכון knows; they do great work but it takes forever for the seforim to come out. Many reasons have been given as to why that is so (money amongst them) however, the main reason I feel is because they strive for perfection – which is the biggest mistake many make as the משנה in אבות says לא עליך המלאכה לגמור.

With this in mind I would like to review this work (not in-depth so as to keep your interest). There are articles on all topics – basically whatever your interest you’re sure to find something there.

This sefer has about thirty articles including many articles which include hereto unpublished Torah from the great גדולים of אשכנז.

Amongst them from the בעל חינוך בית יהודא ,ערוך לנר ,רב הירש ,רב עזריאל הילדסהימר ,ר’ יונה מרצבך and ר’ דוד הקשר. There is an in-depth discussion as to the שיעור מיל according to the קליר between ר’ יצחק אדלר and ר’ יונה מרצבך. For those interested in poetry there is a great piece from the מהר”ם מרוטנברג on חנוכה which includes many interesting things about חנוכה. There is another article on the זמר of דרור יקרא and a piece on שירה during davening in general.

There are a few articles on contemporary halakhic issues such as הגעלת כלים from the בעל שמירת שבת כהלכתה and on יארצהייט when it’s a leap year.

Besides this there are about six articles on מנהגים all of the articles just whet one’s appetite – leaving one feeling that suddenly they took the משנה of שלא עליך המלאכה לגמור too far. For instance, one article discusses the custom of waiting between milk and meat is an extreme example of having too little information. I and many others were waiting for an exhaustive article on the topic – this is not it. Even the article from the generally great ר’ בנימן שלמה המבורגר (the author of the works שרשי מנהג אשכנז), discussing קדיש after קריאת התורה, leaves us feeling teased. We are used to much more from such an expert on מנהגים. He probably wants to save it for his own works שרשי מנהג אשכנז – which we are anyway long overdue for another one.

There are, however a few stand out articles. There is an important article from Professor יעקב שפיגל, whose articles and books are consistently excellent, discussing the בית יוסף’s usage of ראשונים – specifically which editions the בית יוסף had in front of him. שפיגל covers, among others, the שבלי הלקט and the sefer אגור. This is very important in fully understanding the בית יוסף in general and his sources.

After שפיגל’s article there is a much talked about article from ר’ מרדכי הוניג. This article is a review of a recent printing of the ספר חסידים החדש from the nephew of the רא”ש, sometimes referred to as the ספר המשכיל. This sefer has many many interesting things on many topics many of whichר’ הוניג is kind enough to point out – he has extensive comments from a wide range of sources. One can only hope that one day he puts out this sefer with all his notes and the many more I am sure he could have put in this article of 45 pages. Perhaps he was keeping with the above themeלא עליך המלאכה לגמור.

After that there is an article, from ר’ יחיאל גולדהבר, on ר’ עזריאל הילדסהיימר during his time in אייזנשטט. Although the article is good, it appears he missed out on one important source from ר’ עזריאל הילדסהיימר’s daughter all about her father. See Gertrude Hirschler and Shnayer Z. Leiman, “Esther Hildesheimer Calvary: The Hildesheimers in Eisenstadt,” Tradition 26:3 (1992): 87-92.

After that there is an extensive article on the life of ר’ יוסף אלטמאן including many items from rare German newspapers.

The articles conclude with a short piece from ר’ אברהם סולומון about a future edition of דברי קהלת from שלמה גייגר that he plans on publishing. דברי קהלת is, of course, an extremely important source for מנהגים and anyone familiar with the sefer will definitely understand the great necessity for such a job as it’s a very hard sefer to use but one could only hope that the authors dream comes true and he is able to put out the work as he intends to.

Finally, the inaugural issue of ירושתנו also includes a לוח השנה של מנהגי בית הכנסת לבני אשכנז בארץ ישראל and two articles in English.




Who Wrote the Mekore Minhagim?

As I have previously discussed, there is a well known work on the sources and rationale for various customs titled Mekore Minhagim. Indeed, there are two works with that very same title – by two different authors – that cover the same material. The question is which author stole from the other? I hope that I can clear this up as there still appears to be a misconception about who is the plagiarizer.

First, a brief history about prior attempts to decipher who is the real author of Mekore Minhagim is in order. As I noted in my original post, the first edition of the sefer to come out was published in Berlin in 1846 with the author listed as R. Avrohom Lewysohn (1805-1861). That edition contained 100 questions and explanation about various customs. Then, in 1851, R. Yosef Finkelstein published under the same title a work with the very same information, but that contained only 41 of the 100 questions and explanations from the work published in 1846. Almost immediately, it was claimed that Finkelstein had plagiarized his work from Lewysohn. And if one had to guess – absent any additional information –it would appear that this is the case simply because Lewysohn’s work came out first; that is, unless Lewysohn could have read Finkelstein’s mind, the latter must be the plagiarizer.

But, this is not a simple case. Instead, the appearance of the plagiarism claims in a German periodical did not settle the issue. Thus, R. Lewysohn’s brother, Yehudah Leib Lewysohn, a Rabbi in Stockholm, after seeing Finkelstein’s name mentioned in a different capacity in the journal ha-Maggid, again pointed out that Finkelstein had plagiarized Mekore Minhagim from Lewysohn. R. Y.L. Lewysohn gave a run down of the controversy and included the fact that, eventually, the dispute was taken to court, which ultimately concluded that Finkelstein had plagiarized from Lewysohn. But, it seems that Finkelstein had someone swear on his behalf that he was indeed the author.

After R. Y.L. Lewysohn published that account, including the court case coverage, Finkelstein himself answered the charge in a later issue of ha-Maggid. Finkelstein claimed that he was indeed the author and Lewysohn had stolen from him. But, how to account for the fact his sefer came out later? Finkelstein claimed that as he was traveling through Germany, he stayed with Lewysohn and eventually showed him his (Finkelstein’s) manuscript of Mekore Minhagim. Lewysohn was extremely taken by this book. According to Finkelstein, Lewysohn must have copied his version and published it before Finkelstein was able to.

R. Y.L. Lewysohn responded – with a point by point rebuttal – that Finkelstein’s account was all untrue and challenged Finkelstein to go in front of a court again – but this never happened.

That is more or less a summary of the written record with respect to the controversy. So it seems there remains the possibility that Lewysohn did copy Finkelstein’s manuscript when they met in Berlin. And, in fact, many have come to Finkelstein’s defense. For instance, R. Tzvi Efraim Babad in Der Yid has an article where he uses the ha-Maggid article to show that Finkelstein was indeed the author. In particular, it seems that R. Babad didn’t like Lewysohn, as he was a German Rabbi and university educated, while Finkelstein was from a distinguished rabbinic Hungarian family. There is also an article in the latest Or Yisrael about this incident of plagiarism.

I think, however, that I can prove who the real author is. I can do so by using Finkelstein’s own defense from ha-Maggid to demonstrate that he, in fact, is the plagiarizer. As is many times the case, he created the noose by which to hang himself.

Finkelstein, in his defense, states as follows:

When I was in Prague I wrote the work “Rivid ha-Zahav” which discusses the laws of ritual slaughter and checking for imperfection of the lungs. Many great Rabbis praised this work amongst them the famous Gaon R. [Shlomo] Yehuda Leib Rapoport and, because so many people liked it, the book sold out and I had to publish it again. After this I published another book “Tzafnas Panach” on blemishes in the lungs [of an animal].

He then continues and discusses the “Mekore Minhagim” and how Lewysohn got it:

When I traveled to Germany to sell my book I stayed with [R. Lewysohn] . . . when he saw my work the ‘Mekore Minhagim,’ which I wrote in 1839, he asked to look at it.

From there Finkelstein posits that Lewysohn eventually copied it and printed it as his own.

So, now, in order to see who is actually right, we need to see if R. Finkelstein’s story works. The way to do this is to check the books that Finkelstein actually was selling. First, it is important to know that Finkelstein published three books aside from Mekore Minhagim. As mentioned above, he wrote Rivid ha-Zahav and Tzofnas Panach. In addition he published a book his father- in–law, R. Meir Avraham Csaba, wrote – Pri Tzadik. Pri Tzadik was published in 1839, Finkelstein’s first published work. Now, according to Finkelstein, in his response in ha-Maggid, he published Tzofnas Panach after he published Rivid ha-Zahav for the second time. So, that would make Tzofnas Panach the last book published. Also, according to Finkelstein there were two editions of Rivid ha-Zahav (these are the only editions of Rivid ha-Zahav) but when was Rivid ha-Zahav published? According to the title pages, one was published in Prague (1846) and the other in Ofen (1845). But, according to Finkelstein’s own testimony, these dates must be wrong — or at least one. The reason being, if you recall, is that Finkelstein said Rivid ha-Zahav was written in Prague and was praised by R. Rapoport -which you can see as there is an approbation from R. Rapoport. In particular, the first edition of Rivid ha-Zahav has this approbation according to Finkelstein’s own words. But, the only edition which has this approbation is the one with 1846 on the title page and the approbation itself is even dated the 6th of Av 5606 (1846). That means that, although the other edition of Rivid ha-Zahav states was published in 1845, in fact, it was published after the 6th of Av 5606. Which also means that Tzofnas Panach was also published sometime after the second edition of Rivid ha-Zahav was published.[1]

Now, for Finkelstein’s story to be true, he states that he was selling “his books” -“ספרי” that means his personal books. That means we can rule out Pri Tzadik as that was his father-in-law’s book and Finkelstein wouldn’t have called it “his.” So when did he travel to Germany to sell his books and to which books did he refer? Well, let’s take the earliest of his books – which according to what we have figured out – is the first edition of his Rivid ha-Zahav. That edition of the Rivid ha-Zahav had to have been published sometime after the 6th of Av, the time of the approbation. That doesn’t leave that much time in the year 5606, being that Av is the second to last month in the Jewish calendar. But, let’s say he had Rivid ha-Zahav published really fast and during the month of Av he was able to publish it and was already in Germany meeting up with Lewysohn. Well, and here comes the funny part, Lewysohn’s introduction to Mekore Minhagim (which is copied in Finkelstein’s as well) is dated 16th of Kislev 5606, which would be around December 1845. This, of course, means that if our calculations are correct and we take all of Finkelstein’s story as true, Lewysohn wrote the introduction at least ten months before Finkelstein ever came to town to sell his then, unpublished, Rivid ha-Zahav. Which means Finkelstein is a liar.

Thus, it would appear that we can now conclude who is the plagiarizer – Finkelstein. And, the fact is that Lewysohn is the real author of Mekore Minhagim.

Note:
[1] There is another reason the Tzafnas Panach must be the final book published although again according to the title page there is an earlier date. According to the title page it was printed in 1845, but now that we know the 1845 edition of Rivid ha-Zahav was in fact published after 1846 the Tzafnas Panach must also be published after that. This is so, because in the Rivid ha-Zahav with the title page which claims 1845 it also says the approbations for this will be published in my future work Tzafnas Panach (which in fact Tzafnas Panach includes). Thus, Tzafnas Panach must be after this second edition and thus must be after 1846 even though it claims an earlier date.

Sources: ha-Maggid No. 24 June 17, 1863 p. 192; No. 27, July 8, 1863, pp. 211-12; No. 36, September 9, 1863 pp. 283-84; No. 40, October 14, 1863, p. 316 (which are all available online here); R. Tzvi Ephraim Babad, “Printers, Copiers, Shasin, and Censor,” Der Yid 25 (Friday, September 22, 2000), section 2.




The Custom of Playing Cards on Channukah

One of the more interesting customs relating to Chanukah is that of a relaxation of the restriction against gambling. As Menachem Mendel has pointed out, this relaxation was not limited, as some think, to those of Hassidic decent. Rather, some of the earliest mentions come long before the creation of the Hassidic movement, in places such as Worms and Frankfort. Further, this custom has continued to be almost universal (amongst Ashkenazim) irrespective of origin.

To demonstrate this point, it is worth mentioning a lesser known book, which although lesser known is rich in the history of customs of Lithuanian Jews during the 19th century. This book, Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century, (which I have previously mentioned at the Seforim blog) is the memoir of Pauline Wengeroff. She grew up in Lithuania and eventually moved to St. Petersburg Russia (along with many detours). Her book, originally written in Yiddish, was translated into English (and abridged, you can download the full translation here).

In the course of discussing how she celebrated the Jewish holidays as a child she discusses card playing.

“On the fifth night [of Chanukah] my mother invited all our friends and relatives. That was the night she gave us Chanukah gelt . . . You stayed up later than usual that evening, and played cards longer. . . . It was a day of rejoicing for us children. Even we little ones were allowed to play cards that night. . . . On such evenings my father skipped even learning Talmud and sat down to cards although, like my mother, he had no idea of the rules of any game.”

She is not the only Lithuanian to record such a practice. R. Yosef Hayyim Sonnenfeld, the Rabbi of Jerusalem and the leader (of his time) of the Yishuv haYashan was asked why do so many people, some of which spend their days learning Torah, neglect Torah study and play cards on Chanukah? R. Sonnenfeld responded that not everyone can learn all the time and people need a break and playing cards is better than doing nothing. The questioner, however, was unsatisfied with this response, and questioned the notion that card playing could be considered a legitimate necessary break. The questioner allowed that exercise would be allowed but couldn’t understand how card playing could be considered an allowed break from Torah study. R. Sonnenfeld refused to back down regarding his original pronouncement and said, while some at some times may value exercise at other times people have other needs which apparently cards fulfill.

Sources: Rememberings: The World of a Russian-Jewish Woman in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 65-66; R. Yosef Hayyim Sonnenfeld, Simlat Hayyim, nos. 48-49; for more on the custom of dreidel see my post from last year here.