Tu be-Shevat Sabbatianism

See here for our earlier post discussing the potential linkage between Tu be-Shevat (or Tu B’Shevat)customs and Sabbatianism. See here, here, and here for other customs that may have similar likages. And, finally, see here for a collection of articles on Sabbatianism generally.

Nitel Nacht

Slate, today, has an article that provides a nice of nitel nacht and there is another one here. Additionally, see this previous post discussing nitel.

Another chapter of R. Shmuel Ashkenazi’s Latest Work

Another chapter of R. Shmuel Ashkenazi’s Latest Work

Unfortunately, the amount of responses regarding assisting the publication of R. Ashkenazi’s was underwhelming (a total of one contribution) so it is still uncertain when the seforim will actually be published. Until then – here is another chapter. For more information to contribute (any amount is extremly helpful) contact me at eliezerbrodt-at-gmail.com.

למקורות הפתגם ‘ישועת ה’ כהרף עין’

בספרו איש צדיק היה (ס”ע 223) מספר שמחה רז: פעם סיפר לי (ר’ אריה לוין),
כי כאשר היה מבקר את הנידונים למוות היה נוהג להיפרד מהם באמירה: ישועת ה’ כהרף עין. שאלוהו: היכן כתוב דבר זה? השיב להם: איני יודע, אך ודאי מובא הוא בכתובים. והוסיף הרב: “שבתי לביתי, חיפשתי אחר מקורה של אמירה זו ולא מצאתיה“.

ואולם אנא שמואל זעירא יגעתי (זה ששים שנה ויותר) ומצאתי בס”ד די מחסורי. ולא אמנע טוב ממבקשו.

‘פסוק’ זה מצוי הרבה בספרים ראשונים ואחרונים. ושני נסוחים לו: א) ישועת ב) תשועת.

אחד הקדמונים, ר’ יצחק קרישפין (חי בספרד במאה היב למה”נ) בספרו משלי ערב (המכונה בפי אלחריזי בשם ספר המוסר), שער ו (הלבנון, ג, עמ’ 96), הביא את הפתגם השגור כאלו הוא פסוק מן המקרא: ונאמר ישועת ה’ כהרף עין … קוה [ל]א’לוהיך והתאמץ והוחיל, כי ישועתו כהרף עין. וכבר קדם לו רב
נסים גאון בחיבור יפה מהישועה (מהד’ הירשברג, ירושלים תשיד, עמ’ מז): ולא נתן (המפקד) על דעתו שישועת ה’ כהרף עין, כמה שנאמר: ישועתו כהרף עין.

בנוסח א הובא הפתגם גם אצל ר’ טוביה ברבי אליעזר (בדורו של רש”י) בספרו לקח טוב (לאסתר, סוף פרשה ד): לא עמד[ה] גזירתו (של המן) אלא ב’ ימים, וביום ג’ נצלב, כי נדדה שנת המלך בליל שמורים, ישועת ה’ כהרף עין, יחיינו מיומים וביום השלישי יקימנו ונחיה לפניו.

וכן מספר לנו הנוסע המפורסם ר’ בנימין מטודילה (בערך בשנת ד’תתקל), שבמדינות אלימנייא, כשבא אליהם אכסנאי הם עורכים סעודה לכבודו ואומרים: שמחו אחינו, כי ישועת ה’ כהרף עין (מסעות בנימין, מהד’ אשר, קי 2).
וכן בסליחתו של ר’ צדוק עמאני הפותחת:
עזרי יבוא, אֵל, מאין (שפתי רננות, ליוורנו תקעו, דף כה ע”ב) הסוגר של
הבית הראשון הוא: ישועת ה’ כהרף עין. גם במחזור ארם צובה (ויניציאה רפז) נדפס פיוט בחתימת אברהם: מאין יבא עזרי מאין / ישועת ה’ כהרף עין.

וכן בדרשות אבן שועיב, ליום אחרון של פסח, קראקא שלג, דף מג ע”ג: לא ידעתי נפשי שמתני אומרים ישראל ישועת ה’ כהרף עין. וראה פתיחה, מר’ שרגא אברמסון,
דף 36 ע”א.

וכבר כתב רבנו יונה בפרושו למשלי, ג כו: ויבטח בשי”ת בכל עת צרה וחשכה, וידע באמת כי הוא רב להושיע מכל צרה וישועתו כהרף עין, ועל כן יקוה לישועתו גם אם החרב מונח על צואר האדם – – –

נוסח חדש [ב במקום כ] אנו מוצאים בשו”ת חתם סופר, ח”ב, יו”ד, סי’ קלח: נראה מזה, שהיו בני גולה
מצפים לישועת ה’ בהרף עין, והיה בעיניהם כחטא ועון
לבנות בתים ולנטוע כרמים בח”ל [בחוץ לארץ].

כנוסח ב הביא החיד”א, בשו”ת יוסף אומץ (סי’ קד): “תשובת החכם השלם הדיין המצויין כמה”ר יצחק עטייה נר”ו”, בה הובאה
תשובת הנתבע לתובע: מה מצאת בי עול, כי רחקת מעלי. אי משום עכוב הזמן, לא איריא,
דלַכֹּל זמן, ואפשר דבתוך זמן מועט אמכרנה. ותשועת ה’ כהרף עין.

ור’ רחמים חיים יהודה למשפחת ישראל (תקעה-תרנב), בשו”ת בן ימין (שאלוניקי תרנו), סי’ לב, כותב: אולי מן
השמים ירחמו, כי יתן חִנו אליהם ולא ימיתוהו ותשועת ה’ כהרף עין.

וכבר מצאנוהו בנסוח זה במנורת המאור לר’ ישראל אלנקוה
(ח”ד, עמ’ 247)1, ובפיוט ה’ קדשו זמנו (עלים לביבליוגרפיה וקורות ישראל, ב (תרצה-תרצו), עמ’ 70)2, וכן אצל
ר’ אליהו בר’ משה לואנץ, בספרו
רנת דודים לשה”ש א א (בסיליאה שס, דף ג ע”א): הגם כי תשועת ה’ כהרף
עין – – – .
ולפני כולם שר ריה”ל: ויאמר ה’
נתתי רוזנים לאין / ותשועתי כהרף עין (אמר אויב, שו’ 58-57)3. גם רמב”ן, בתפלת הים, פונה לממציא יש מאין / ותשועתו כהרף עין.

וכן אומר השיר האנונימי: אל תדאג לשעבר כי אין / ולעתיד כי עדין / וקוה לממציא יש מאין
/ ותשועת ה’ כהרף עין. וכן כותב ר’ יצחק אברבנאל בפירושו לישעיה ז יט: תשועת ה’ תהיה כהרף עין. וכ”כ ר’ משה
חגיז בספרו שפת אמת (אמ”ד תסז, דף כה ע”ב): תשועת ה’ שהיא כהרף עין.

ואסים קטע זה (נסוח ב) בשלוש הבאות מספרים שנכתבו לפני
ארבע מאות וחמש מאות שנה:

א) פירוש ר’ יוסף יעבץ לאבות, ו ח (בסופה): כי בעת
הגאולה נגאל מהרה, ולא נתאחר מתחלת בואה עד תשלומה ימים … ותשועת ה’ כהרף עין, כי מאת ה’ תהיה, ולכן תפלא בעינינו למהירותה.

ב) מדרש שמואל, לר’ שמואל די אוזידה (לאבות ה ד): הנס השמיני. עומדין צפופין ומשתחוין
רווחין. הודיע בנס הזה, כי כמו שהעומדים בעזרה היו עומדין צפופין, כלומר זה בצד
זה, דוחקין ולוחצין זה את זה, וכשהיו משתחוין היו רווחים, כן ישראל, כאשר יהיו
הצרות לוחצות אותם ישובו בתשובה בעת צרתם ויקדו וישתחוו לאלוהים, ותיכף יצאו מצרה
לרוחה, כי תשועת ה’ כהרף עין.

ג) סדר היום, לר’ משה בן מכיר (סדר ההגדה וכוונתה, הא לחמא): ואם כעת אנו עבדים, לשנה
הבאה בני חורין בעה”י, כי ישועות ה’ כהרף
עין, ונקלה זאת
הגאולה הרבה מגאולת מצרים, ואפשר לה להיות על פי הטבע, וא”צ כ”כ לשנות
סדרי בראשית ו[ל]שדד המערכות – – –

את הרעיון, בנסוח שונה במקצת, כבר מצאנו אצל רס”ג
(בבקשתו הפותחת: אתה הוא, סדור רס”ג, דף נה): וכהרף עין תושיע
את כולם. ומטבע
קבוע הוא בברכה שניה בתפלת העמידה בנוסח א”י: כהרף עין ישועה לנו תצמיח. נ”א: בהרף עין ישועה לנו מצמיח (ספר דינבורג, ירושלם תשט, עמ’ 117). וכבר אמרו במכילתא (בא, מסכתא דפסחא, פרשה יד): כשהגיע הקץ [הזמן], לא עכבן
הקב”ה [המקום] כהרף עין. וקדם לכולם ישעיהו בן אמוץ המתנבא
בשם ה’: ותשועתם לא תאחר (ישעיה מו יג).

עד כאן פשט. מכאן ואילך דרש.

פתגם זה יפה הוא נדרש: כאשר עין האדם כבר רפתה ואינה רואה כל תקוה להצלה, אז תבוא הישועה (שרי המאה, עמ’ 22, בשם הגאון ר’ צבי הירש לוין).

1 ממנו העתיק ר’ יהודה כלץ לספר המוסר, דפוס ראשון, קושטאנטינה רצז, פרק יז,
עמ’ [251]: ידעתי כי תשועת השם כהרף עין. השוה שרגא
אברמסון, ‘אמרי חכמה ואמרי אינשי’, מנחה ליהודה (לכבוד ר’ יהודה זלוטניק [אבידע]), ירושלים תשי, עמ’ 28-27, ועמ’ 295. ונעלם ממנו מקורו של יש
נוחלין, שהוא ספר המוסר, אשר העתיק ממנורת המאור – הנזכר ע”י אברמסון
בעמ’ 28!

2 שם, בעמ’ 72-70, פרסם ד”ר ש’ ברנשטיין פיוט אנונומי
ליוה”כ המתחיל ה’ קדשו זמנו טהרו לכפרה, ובבית
41 נאמר: ותשועת ה’ כהרף עין אל תרף. הפיוט לקוח
ממחזור מנהג קטלוניה, כ”י ישן, והוא
כתוב שם בין פיוטים עתיקים שנתחברו במאה התשיעית לאלף החמישי.

3 השמועה שפתגם זה מצוי באחד הפיוטים הביאה את אהרן הימן (אוצר
דברי חכמים ופתגמיהם, סוף עמ’ 286) לכתוב, שכן מתחיל פיוט
אחד הנדפס בשפתי רננות. והעתיק את הדברים מישראל
חיים טביוב (אוצר המשלים והפתגמים, מהדורה
שניה: ברלין תרפב, סי’ 1640) אשר לקח מכהנא
(משלי עם, בתוך: האסיף, ב (תרמז), סי’ קלב). אולם כבר העיר נ’
בן-מנחם, שבדק באוצר השירה והפיוט של דודזון
ולא מצא פיוט כזה. ראה ספרו אברהם אבן-עזרא, שיחות ואגדות-עם, ירושלים תשג, עמ’ 35,
הערה 7.

Preview of R. Shmuel Ashkenazi's Latest Work

Preview of R. Shmuel Ashkenazi’s Latest Work

One of the hidden giants of the seforim world both in ultra orthodox and academic circles is a man known as Rabbi Shmuel Askenazi. Professor Zev Gris writes about him:

אני ובני דורי נוכל להעיד על בור סיד שאין מחשב שידמה לו, כר’ שמואל אשכנזי גמלאי מפעל הביבליוגרפיה העברית”) הספר כסוכן תרבות מראשית הדפוס עד לעת החדשה, לימוד ודעת במחשבה יהודית (תשסו) עמ’ 257).

This man has authored many books and hundreds of articles in dozens of journals – both academic and charedi. Besides for authoring so much he has assisted many people in both circles helping in many areas of the Jewish literature. At times he is acknowledge and thanked and other times not. A few years back, a partial bibliography of his writings was printed in a work called Alfa Beta Kadmita de-Shmuel Zera. This book was a start of an attempt to print all of his writings in a multi-volume set. R. Askenazi has been writing and collection information on thousands of topics for close to seventy years. Unfortunately, he did not print much of what he gathered. The main reason for this omission is R. Ashkenzi’s “weakness” for incredible levels of perfection. When he printed his Alfa Beta Kadmita de-Shmuel Zera he proofread it seven times (the work is over 800 pages!). [If the editors of this blog attempted to emulate that level of perfection, there would be, perhaps, one post a year.] Now to understand the significance of this one has to know that one of his many specialties is his incredible ability to find mistakes in grammar, typos and the like – a master proofreader. It is as if he has like a homing device built in as soon as he sees the printed text he notices the mistakes. Now after his sefer went to press he still found mistakes and it disturbed him greatly. He learned from this an important lesson which he already knew.

לא עליך המלאכה לגמור

For personal reasons the project that began a few years back was stopped by R. Askenazi. Two years ago the project was restarted again by others. He and these people have been working daily to prepare the writing for print. To date this project has gotten very far in preparing for print his writings. Two volumes of over five hundred pages are ready to go, a few more are almost near completion. The only thing holding back the printing is funds to print the volumes. No one is making money off the project the hope is that if enough funds to cover the printing of the first few are raised than the sales will hopefully be enough to cover the printing of the rest. We are talking about multiple volumes as this is one man’s writings of over seventy years. Not everything that he gathered is worth printing and heavy editing is done as with many of the available data bases what he gathered today is not worth much as a quick search on these data bases will find the same thing. The topics that these works deal with are virtually everything on some level, sources on expressions, minhaghim, dininm, evolvement of famous stories, bibliography corrections of authors encyclopedia style information on thousands of topics culled from thousands of seforim many very rare or unknown. There are also thousands of letters to authors and professor’s containing notes on their works additional sources of their work etc; In addition there are R. Askenazei notes on tefilah, piyut, Chumash, Shas, Zohar, and from other seforim that he marked down on the side. It is a work that almost anyone interested in the Jewish book will find many things to enjoy. I hope that you can help contribute I know very well that the financial times are very hard but even a little bit can assist this project move forward. For more information please e mail me at eliezerbrodt-at-gmail.com. We are printing here for the first time, a chapter from one of the books which is print ready.

כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגרסיהו, הוו אמרי מִלתא דבדיחותא

כתב ר’ משה בר’ מימון [הרמב”ם; ד’תתצח-תתקסה]: כמו שילאה הגוף בעשותו המלאכות הכבדות עד שינוח וינפש, ואז ישוב למזגו השוה – כן צריכה הנפש גם כן להתעסק במנוחת החושים, בעיון לפיתוחים ולענינים הנאים, עד שתסור ממנה הַלֵּאוּת. כמו שאמרו. כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגרסיהו, הוו אמרי מלתא דבדיחותא (שמונה פרקים, פרק ה, בהוצאת ‘ראשונים’, תל-אביב תשח, ס”ע קפד – ר”ע קפה).
וכבר נלאו חכמי לבב למצוא את מקור המאמר שהביא הרמב”ם[1]. ויש מי ששִׁער, שהיתה לפניו גרסא שונה בתלמוד הבבלי. כן כותב ר’ שאול ליברמן [תרנח-תשמג]: ונ”ל, שמקור הדברים הוא בבבלי תענית (דף ז ע”א): א”ל ר’ ירמיה לר’ זירא. ליתא מר ליתני. א”ל. חליש לבי ולא יכילנא. לימא מר מילתא דאגדתא וכו’. ואפשר, שלפני הרמב”ם היתה כאן הגירסא: מילתא דבדיחותא וכו’ (שקיעין, ירושלים תרצט, ראש עמ’ 83).
גם היו מחברים שהראו על מאמרים אחרים בתלמוד, ששמשו, לדעתם, כמקור לרמב”ם[2].

אמנם מצאנו בתלמוד ובמדרש כמה ענינים השיכים לבדיחותא בבית-המדרש:
א. אביי הוה יתיב קמיה דרבה. חזייה, דהוה קא בדח טובא, אמר: וגילו ברעדה כתיב! אמר ליה: אנא תפילין מנחנא. רבי ירמיה הוה יתיב קמיה דרבי זירא. חזייה דהוה קא בדח טובא. אמר ליה: בכל עצב יהיה מותר, כתיב! אמר ליה: אנא תפילין מנחנא (ברכות ל סע”ב)[3].
ב. אמר רב יוסף: חלמא טבא – אפילו לדידי בדיחותיה מפכחא ליה (ברכות נה סע”א). פירש רש”י: אפילו לדידי. שאני מאור עינים.
ג. כי הא דרבה, מקמי דפתח להו לרבנן אמר מילתא דבדיחותא. ובדחי רבנן. לסוף יתיב באימתא ופתח בשמעתא (שבת ל ע”ב; פסחים קיז ע”א)[4].
ד. אמר ליה רבינא לרבא. היינו רגל היינו בהמה! אמר ליה. תנא אבות וקתני תולדות. אלא מעתה, סיפא דקתני השן מועדת, מאי אבות ומאי תולדות איכא? הוה קמהדר ליה בבדיחותא, ואמר ליה. אנא שנאי חדא ואת שני חדא (בבא קמא יז רע”ב). פירש רש”י: הוה קמהדר ליה. רבא לרבינא. בבדיחותא. בשחוק. וא”ל אנא שנאי חדא, רישא. ואת שני [חדא]. סיפא.
ה. … אהדר ליה בבדיחותא. חלש דעתיה דרב ששת. אישתיק רב אחדבוי בר אמי ואתיקר תלמודיה. אתיא אימיה וקא בכיא קמיה. צוחה צוחה ולא אשגח בה. אמרה ליה. חזי להני חדיי דמצית מינייהו! בעא רחמי עליה ואיתסי (בבא בתרא ט ע”ב). פירש רש”י: הוה קמהדר ליה. רב אחדבוי לרב ששת בבדיחותא. לפי שהיה רב ששת נכשל בתשובותיו. אשתתק רב אחדבוי. נעשה אלם. אתיא אימיה. דרב ששת. צווחה קמיה. שיתפלל עליו. להני חדיי. הדדים הללו. חדיי תרגום של חזה. דמצית מינייהו. שינקת מהן. [עי’ שם בתוספות, ד”ה אתיא, שהכונה לאמו של רב אחדבוי, “והיא היתה מניקתו של רב ששת”. וכן פירש רבנו גרשום, שהכונה לאמו של רב אחדבוי, שהיתה מינקת של רב ששת.]
ו. רבי אבהו הוה רגיל דהוה קא דריש בשלשה מלכים. חלש. קביל עליה דלא דריש. כיון דאיתפח, הדר קא דריש. אמרי. לא קבילת עלך דלא דרשת בהו? אמר. אינהו מי הדרו בהו, דאנא אהדר בי … (סנהדרין קב סע”א). פירש רש”י: איהו מי הדרו בהו, מדרכם הרעה, דאנא אהדר (לי) [בי] מלדרוש …
ז. רבי היה יושב ודורש, ונתנמנם הצבור. בקש לעוררן. אמר. ילדה אשה אחת במצרים ששים רבוא בכרס אחת … זו יוכבד, שילדה את משה ששקול כנגד ששים רבוא של ישראל … (שיר השירים רבה א טו ג).
וביומא ט סע”ב: וריש לקיש מי משתעי בהדי רבה בר בר חנה?! ומה רבי אלעזר, דמרא דארעא דישראל הוה, ולא הוה משתעי ריש לקיש בהדיה, דמאן דמשתעי ריש לקיש בהדיה בשוק יהבו ליה עיסקא בלא סהדי, בהדי רבה בר בר חנה משתעי?! ופרשו בתוספות ישנים: לא הוה מישתעי ריש לקיש בהדיה. כלומר, לא היה פותח לדבר עמו בשום מילתא דבדיחותא – – –
השוה גם: בראשית רבה, נח ג (מהדורת תאודור-אלבק, עמ’ 621): ר’ עקיבה היה דורש, והציבור מתנמנם. ביקש לעוררן. אמר. מה ראת אסתר שתמלוך על קכז – – – . עי’ שם במנחת יהודה. וראה עוד ברכות כח ע”א (=ערובין כח רע”ב): רבי זירא כי הוה חליש מגירסיה, הוה אזיל ויתיב אפתחא דבי רבי נתן בר טובי[5]. אמר: כי חלפי רבנן[6], אז איקום מקמייהו ואקבל אגרא.
אך אין לראות בספורים אלו מקור המאמר כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגרסיהו, הוו אמרי מלתא דבדיחותא.

מאמרנו מצוי בספרי הראשונים שלאחר הרמב”ם, וכנראה, ממנו לקחוהו.
כן כותב ר’ יעקב בר’ אבא מרי אנטולי [סוף האלף החמישי]: … ההתמדה בדרישה ובעיון, מאין הפסק … היא רעה מאד. לפי שהשכל האנושי ישיגהו ליאות … עד שיבוא החכם לומר דברים לא טובים. ולפי הענין הזה היה דרך חכמי התלמוד לערב דברי שמחה ושחוק בדבריהם. כמו שמצאנו להם: כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגירסא, הוו אמרי מלי דבדיחותא … (מלמד התלמידים [נכתב לאחר ד’תתקצ], בראשית, ליק תרכו, דף ב, ראש ע”ב).
וכן בדברי ר’ לוי בן אברהם [המאה הראשונה לאלף זה]: ובדרש כִּוְּנוּ פעם לְהָשִׂישׂ וְחַזֵּק לב וְהַפְחִיד נמהרים (בתי הנפש והלחשים, מאמר א, בתוך: ידיעות המכון לחקר השירה העברית בירושלים, כרך חמישי, הוצאת שוקן, ברלין-ירושלים תרצט, עמ’ לז, חרוז רטז). ופירש המפרש: ובדרשות התלמוד יש קצת הגדות, לא היתה כונת אומרם כי אם להשׂישׂ ולשׂמח האנשים. כמו שאמרו ז”ל. כי חלשי רבנן מגרסייהו, הוו אמרין מילי דבדיחותא.
וכן כותב בן-דורו, ר’ מנחם בר’ שלמה המאירי [ה’ט-עה]: … לפעמים צריך שיכריח האדם עצמו, אף בחוץ מטבעו, לשנות בתכונת הדיבור, פעם … דרך שמחה ולשון הבאי. כאמרם ז”ל. כי חלשי רבנן מן גירסא, הוו אמרי מילי דבדיחותא (פרוש המאירי למשלי טו כג, פיורדא תרד, עמ’ 151).
ור’ הלל בר’ שמואל מוירונה, אף הוא בן הדור, האריך בענין: דע, כי כל דברי רבותינו ז”ל נחלקים לששה חלקים. החלק … החמישי, הוא קיבוץ דברי בדיחותא, כדי לשמח הלב ולהרחיבו, אחר שיגע החכם בעיון דק ובלמוד ההלכות החמורות והשִטוֹת העמוקות … אמנם החלק החמישי, שהוא כמו דברי בדיחותא מקצתו. כמו: אתריגו לפחמי[ן], ארקיעו (זהבים וכו’) [לזהבין, ועשו לי שני מגידי בעלטה (ערובין נג ע”ב)]. וכמו פלוני ופלוני היה משתעי לשון חכמה. כמו: עלת נקבת (בברא יכעון) [בכדא ידאון] נשריא לקיניהון (צריך לראות זאת) (ועלו בגערה) ועלז בנערה אחרונית עירנית חננית[7]. וכל דומה לזה. ויש רבים ממנו בתלמוד – אל תחשוב שהוא ענין בטל, אבל הוא דבר מועיל, בעבור כי היתה כוונתם בזה לשמח הלב ולהרחיבו, כדי שלא ישתבש ולא יחלש שכלם מרוב היגיעה הגדולה שהיו יגעים בלימוד התורה ובהלכות החמורות, כדי להוציא המסקנא על אמיתתה. וכי (הא) [הוו] חליש[י] מגרסתם (הוו) [היו] משככים רתיחתם ומפיגים עצמם במילי דבדיח[ו]תא, למען יתחדש כח שכלם (ויודכך) [ויזדכך] מוחם בשובם אל העסק. והיו צריכים לכך … ובעבור שלא היו רוצים להפסיק שמחתם בדברי בטלה, היו מדברים בלשון (תורה) [חידה] על צד טיול. וכל זה לשם שמים, להגדיל תורתם ולהאדירה … (תגמולי הנפש [השלימו בשנת ה’נא], חלק שני, ציון שני, ליק תרלד, דף כה-כו).
דברים דומים כותב ר’ שמואל צרצה, בהקדמת חבורו שכתב בשנת קכט: דע, כי חכם אחד כתב, כי האגדות הנמצאות בתלמוד ובמדרשות יתחלקו למינים רבים. יש מהם שאמרום ז”ל, כאשר אירע להם חולשה בהפלגת העיון, והכריחם הצורך לשמח הנפש ולהקל מעליהם היגיעה והעצבון, היו מדברים בשעות כאלה בדברי שמחה ובדיחותא. ולזה כונו רז”ל באמרם: כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגרסייהו, הוו מתעסקי במילי דבדיחותא. וכאשר יעיין המשכיל בדברים הנאמרים בתלמוד בזה הדרך, יבין בעין שכלו, שאין הכונה בדברים ההם לשום ידיעה בעולם זולתי הערת שמחה והטבת הנפש, להקל מעליהם יגיעת הלמוד וחזרת כחות הנפש לעניינם הראשון (ספר מכלל יופי, הקדמה. נדפס במאמרה של גתית הולצמן, סיני, קט [חורף תשנב], עמ’ מ-מא).
גם כאשר בא ר’ יהודה מוסקאטו [רצה-שנ] לבאר דעתו בסִבת האגדות, הוא מקדים להביא שתי דעות של קודמיו: וכי תשאלך נפשך: מה זאת אשר חכמים הגידו דברי מוסר והשכל דרך משל וחידה? – – – הנה זאת תשובתה באלו ובכיוצא בהם, אחרי הקדימי, כי נאמרו בזה דברים שונים: מהם – דכד הוו חלשי מגירסייהו, הוו עסקו במילי דבדיחותא; ומהם – שהיה זה כדי לחדד שכלם. אמנם, אענה אף אני חלקי לאמר – – – (נפוצות יהודה, דרוש השלושה-עשר, ויניציאה שמט; במהדורת ארץ-ישראל וניו-יורק תשס, דף קכ ע”ב).
ובדור שלפני ר’ מנחם המאירי ור’ הלל מוירונה, כותב רבנו יונה גירונדי [נפ’ ה’כד], הביא דבריו ר’ יוסף יעבץ בפירושו לאבות (ג יד): וכתב רבינו יונה ז”ל: הנה השי”ת נטע אזן באדם ויצר עין … יצר עינים, לראות ולהתעורר ולאחוז בחכמה ולהחזיק במלאכה, פן יאחזוהו ימי עוני; וכן העין, לעיין ולא לישן. הוא אומרו אל תאהב שנה פן תורש [משלי כ יג], וזה טעם שניהם, לסלק המונעים המטרידים אותו מעיונו בכל כחו, ולפי שאי-אפשר לעיין תמיד תחת היותנו בעלי חומר, כמו שאמרו ז”ל: כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגירסייהו הוו עסקי במילי דבדיחותא. עכ”ל ר’ יוסף יעבץ. נראה, שכן היה לפניו בפירוש רבנו יונה למשלי. ולפנינו ליתא.
אנו מוצאים את המאמר גם בשלהי תקופת הראשונים. כן כותב ר’ שמעון בן צמח דוראן [רשב”ץ; קכא-רד]: וכל מעשיך יהיו לשם שמים … וכשימצא גופו חלוש מהלימוד ויצטרך לטייל מעט בשווקים וברחובות, יכוין בזה כדי להרחיב לבו לשוב לתלמודו. וכמו שאמרו רז”ל. כי הוו רבנן חלישי מגרסייהו, הוו אמרי מילי דבדיחותא. וזהו ענין האגדות הזרות הנמצאות בתלמוד (מגן אבות, פרק ב, משנה יב, ליפציג תרטו, דף לד ע”ב)[8].
השוה גם דברי ר’ אברהם בן הרמב”ם [ד’תתקמו-תתקצח]: בחלק החמישי, דרשות, דברו בהם לשון הבאי ודמיון. החלק הזה בגמרא דפסחים [דף סב, סוף ע”ב]: אמר מר זוטרא. מאצל עד אצל הוה טעון ארבע מאות גמלי[9] … והדרשה היא על שני פסוקים אלו. ועל שני הדרכים לא יסור דרש זה מהיותו לשון הבאי, כי לא יתכן בעיני כל בעל דעה, שיש דרש על המקרא כולו משא ארבע מאות גמלי, וכל שכן על שני פסוקים. הילכך אינו אלא לשון הבאי. וכבר ביאר זה זולתינו (ברכת אברהם, ליק כתר, עמ’ 6; ובמהדורת ר”ר מרגליות, נספח לספרו של ר’ אברהם, מלחמות השם, ירושלים תשיג, עמ’ צב).
נוסח חדש לאגדה זו מצוי בפירוש, המיוחס לרש”י, לדברי הימים א, סוף פרק ח: ועוד אמרו חכמים בספר’ [בפסחים?]. ולאצל ששה בנים. תליסר אלפי גמלי טעוני מדרשות!
את הגדרת ה’אגדות הזרות’ שבתלמוד הבבלי כמִלי דבדיחותא אנו מוצאים גם אצל ר’ ידעיה בדרשי הפניני [ל-ק]: ואמנם ההגדות, וכל מה שבא מן הספורים הרבים בתלמוד ובמדרשות, ננהיגם על זה הדרך כלם. ונחלק אותם לפי זה לד חלקים – – – החלק השלישי. כל המאמרים המספרים בשום חדוש יוצא מן המנהג, ועל הכלל בשנוי אי זה טבע, שלא ימשך לנו ממנו שום תועלת מבואר באמונה או שום חזוק. אלא שיזכירו על צד הסִפוּר לבד, לתועלת הרוחת התלמידים וצורך הכנסתם במלי דבדיחותא, להניח מכובד העיון ועמל הגרסא. וזה בספורי רבה בר בר חנא [בבא בתרא עג ע”ב – עד ע”א], וזולתם מהדומים להם רבים (“כתב ההתנצלות, אשר שלח החכם אנבוניט אברם [=ידעיה בר אברהם בדרשי] לרשב”א“, בתוך: שו”ת הרשב”א, ח”א, סימן תיח, ירושלים תשנז, דף רכא סע”א – רכב רע”א).
ממנו לקח ר’ יצחק אברבנאל, אלא שהוא מחלק את האגדות לששה מינים. וזה לשונו: המין החמישי, מה שנזכר על צד הסיפור ממין הנמנעות, מבלי שימשך לנו ממנו שום תועלת מבואר באמונה, אלא שנזכר על צד הסיפור בלבד לתועלת הרווחת התלמידים, והצורך להכניסם במילי דבדיחותא, להניח להם מכובד העיון ועמל הגירסא, כסיפורי רבה בר בר חנא והדומה לו (ישועות משיחו, החלק השני, הקדמה, קניגסברג תרכא, דף יז ע”א).
וכתב ר’ אברהם אבן-עזרא [ד’תתמט/תתנ-תתקכז] בהקדמת פרוש התורה: מפרשי התורה הולכים על חמשה דרכים – – – הדרך הרביעית, קרובה אל הנקודה / ורדפו אחריה אגודה. זאת דרך החכמים / בארצות יונים ואדומים / שלא יביטו אל משקל מאזנים / רק יסמכו על דרך דרש, כלקח טוב ואור עינים – – – גם יש דרש להרויח נפש חלושה בהלכה קשה – – –[10].
וכן הוא כותב בהקדמת פרושו לאיכה: אנשי אמת יבינו מדרשי קדמונינו הצדיקים / שהם נוסדים על קשט וביציקת מדע יצוקים / וכל דבריהם כזהב וככסף שבעתים מזוקקים. / אכן, מדרשיה – אל דרכים רבים נחלקים: / מהם חידות וסודות ומשלים גבוהים עד שחקים / ומהם להרויח לבות נלאות בפרקים עמוקים / ומהם לאמן נכשלים ולמלאת הריקים – – –[11].
והשוה דברי הרשב”א: תחילה אעירך על ענין ההגדות שבאו בתלמוד ובמדרשים. דע, כי באו מהם בלשון עמוק, לסיבות רבות – – – ועוד יש להם סיבה אחרת, גילו אותה הם ז”ל בקצת המדרשים, והוא, כי לעתים היו החכמים דורשים ברבים ומאריכים בדברי תועלת, והיו העם ישנים, וכדי לעוררם היו אומרים להם דברים זרים, לבהלם ושיתעוררו משנתם – – – (חידושי הרשב”א, לרבינו שלמה ב”ר אברהם אדרת; פירושי ההגדות. יוצא לאור על פי כתבי יד … הערות ובאורים, מאת אריה ליב … פלדמן, ירושלים תשנא, עמ’ נח-נט).
והובאו הדברים, בשמו, על ידי ר’ מאיר אלדבי, בספרו שבילי אמונה, הנתיב השמיני, ורשה תרמז, דף 166 רע”א.

גם מצאנו לרבותינו האחרונים שהביאו את המאמר הזה.
כן כותב הגאון יעב”ץ [תנח-תקלו]: … כי הנפש תלאה ותעכור המחשבה, בהתמדת עיון הדברים הכעורים, כמו שילאה הגוף בעשותו המלאכות הכבדות, עד שינוח וינפש, ואז ישוב למזגו השוה. כן צריכה הנפש גם כן להתעסק במנוחת החושים בעיון, לפתוחים ולענינים הנאים, עד שיסור ממנה הלאות, כמ”ש כי הוו חלשי רבנן מגרסייהו, הוו אמרי מילתא דבדיחותא (מגדל עוז, בית מדות, נוה חכם, חלון ב, סימן א, ורשה תרמז, דף 70, עמוד א).
והרי זה לשון הרמב”ם, בשמונה פרקים, שהבאנו בראש המאמר [שבתי וראיתי בפתיחה לחלון א: … נעתיק כאן משמנה הפרקים הידועים להר”מ ז”ל, שהקדים למס’ אבות, פרקים שנים … עכ”ל. למעשה העתיק מן הפרק הרביעי רק את חציו הראשון. ואולם את הפרק החמישי, העתיק כולו.]
אף כי לא שמענו עד עתה על מי שנהג בפועל כהמלצת מאמרנו, היו גם כאלה. אחד מהם הוא ר’ אברהם טריוויש, שבספרו, שהדפיס בשנת שיב, לאחר שהאריך במִלי דבדיחותא, שאין לסמוך להלכה על דעת הנשים, הוא כותב: – – – ויושבת תחת הלחי וקורה, בשבת, ומוציאה הרעלות והפארים / והצעד”ות והקשורים / ואומרת שם שיר השירים / ושם משׂחקת באגוז”ים עם נערים / ולא מחינן בידייהו, כמצות דברי סופרים / כי אפילו נמחה בידה, עשרים נשיאים וממשפחת רמים וגבורים / ועמנו מאתים חכמים מלכי רבנן ושרים / – כלנו לפניהן כעזים מאתים ותישים עשרים. וכד הוו חלשי רבנן מגירסייהו, הוו אמרי מילי דבדיחותא / ובתר הכי הדרי לשמעתא (ברכת אברהם, חלק ראשון, סימן נח, ויניציאה שיב, דף כג ע”א).
כאן הוא מוסיף: ובתר הכי הדרי לשמעתא. תוספת זו אינה במקורות קדומים והיא שלו. משום שקטע את פלפולו ההלכתי במִלי דבדיחותא, הוא מודיע שהוא חוזר לשמעתא.
וכן הוא נהג גם להלן. שם הוא מודיע במפורש את סִבת התעסקותו במִלי דבדיחותא. וזה לשונו: והנני אומר. דכד הוו חלשי רבנן מגירסייהו, הוו אמרי מילי דבדיחותא / ובתר הכי הדרי לשמעתייהו. אנן נמי נעביד הכי, דידענא, דמאן דיליף בסיפרא הדין, לימא עילואי: כמה ארכן הוא זה. ומשום הכי כתבית בכמה דוכתי – בפרט בשלשה חלקים ראשונים וגם באי זה מקומות מועטין בזה החלק הרביעי, גם בשאר חלקים דלקמן – מילי דבדיחותא, דלשמוחי לרבנן הוא דבעינא / והכא נמי לא שנא. כי בזה אמשוך לב הקוראים בדברי אריכותי / לו חכמו ישכילו זאת יבינו לאחריתי – – – (חלק רביעי, סימן קפח, דף קעא ע”א).
גם ר’ אפרים אליקים גצל מלזק [תקמ-תריד], נהג כך. וזה לשונו:
עתה באתי להוציא מלבן של שלשת הרבנים הללו[12], שלא יהיו להוטין עוד אחר כח המדמה שלהם – ובכבודן של רבנן דחלשי מגירסייהו, אסיים הגמטריאות במילתא דבדיחותא, ואכחד שלשת הרואים במחזות שוא ומדוחים אלו, בחזקת יד גימטריא אחת.
להתוודע ולהגלות! דאינהו לא חזו באספקלריא המאירה של הקלירי, אך מזלייהו חזי באספקלריא שאינה מאירה, בבואה דבבואה מדמות של עצמם. רצוני לומר, שהחרוז אנסיכה מלכי / לפניו בהתהלכי / אומצו בהמליכי, שעולה, לדעתם, כמספר אני אלעזר בירבי יעקב קיליר, 1164, עולה ממש:
אני שלמה יהודה ליב הכהן רפאפורט, 1164;
אני ליפמאן דאקטיר צונץ מברלין, 1164;
הקטן משה הלוי לאנדא מדפיס מפראג, 1164 – – –
ומי זה חסר-טעם, שישתגע לומר, שפיוט אנסיכה חיברו אחד משלשת הרבנים האלו, בעבור שעולה החרוז כחתימתם – – – עכ”ל רא”א מלזק (ראביה, אופן תקצג, דף יט ע”ג, סעיף ז).

[1] בהגהה שנדפסה בשולי גליון שמונה פרקים הנדפס בתלמוד בבלי, נאמר: לפי שעה לא ידעתי מקומו. ובשבת ל ע”ב איתא, דרבא מקמי דפתח להו לרבנן, אמר מילתא דבדיחותא וכו’. וכן כותב יעקב ריפמן: לא אדע מקום המאמר הזה. ובשבת ל ע”ב כתוב בדרך אחרת. יעויין שם (עיונים במשנת הראב”ע, בעריכת נפתלי בן-מנחם, ירושלים תשכב, עמ’ 29).

[2] כמו ר’ יודא ליב אינדעך, לאחר שמביא לשון רמב”ם, הוא מעיר: לשון זה לא מצינו בגמרא, אבל כונת הרמב”ם על שני מאמרי חז”ל, מברכות כח ע”א, ועירובין כח ע”ב: ר’ זירא כי הוי חליש מגירסיה וכו’. עי”ש. דמזה ראיה, דהנפש צריכה גם כן מנוחה מעבודתה, כמו הגוף. ומרבה דהכא [=שבת ל ע”ב], שמותר להתעסק במנוחת החושים בענינים נאים, כמו מילתא דבדיחותא וכדומה, עד שיסור מנפשו הליאות ותשוב למזגה (זהרי הש”ס, ח”א, לשבת ל ע”ב, לונדון תשלד, דף 88 רע”ב). ודבריו דחוקים, שכן בברכות וערובין, אמנם נזכר חליש מגירסיה, אך אין שם זכר לבדיחותא!

[3] ראה גם בהמשך (ל סע”ב – לא רע”א): מר בריה דרבינא עבד הלולא לבריה. חזנהו לרבנן דהוו קבדחי טובא. אייתי כסא דמוקרא, בת ארבע מאה זוזי, ותבר קמייהו, ואעציבו. רב אשי עבד הלולא לבריה. חזנהו לרבנן דהוו קא בדחי טובא. אייתי כסא דזוגיתא חיורתא ותבר קמייהו, ואעציבו.

[4] בספר הזוהר (תזריע, מז ע”ב), נזכר מאמר דומה: דאמר רבי שמעון לרבי אבא: תא חזי, רזא דמִלה, לא נהיר חכמתא דלעילא ולא אתנהיר אלא בגין שטותא דאתער מאתר אחרא, ואלמלא האי נהירו ורבו סגיא ויתיר לא הוה, ולא אתחזיא תועלתא דחכמתא – – – וכך לתתא, אלמלא לא הוה שטותא שכיח בעלמא, לא הוי חכמתא שכיח בעלמא. והיינו דרב המנונא סבא, כד הוה ילפין מניה חברייא רזי דחכמתא, הוה מסדר קמייהו פרקא דמלי דשטותא. בגין דייתי תועלתא לחכמתא בגיניה. הדא הוא דכתיב: יקר מחכמה מכבוד סכלות מעט [קהלת י א], משום דהיא תקונא דחכמתא ויקרא דחכמתא – – –
ור’ חיים הכהן מארם צובה מביא את הזוהר בתוספת באור: כדאיתא בזוהר, כי הא דרב המנונא סבא ע”ה, דהוה אמר פרקא דשטותא ובדחי חברייא, ואחר כך פותח בתורה (מקור חיים, ח”ג, הלכות פסח, סימן תמד, ס”ק ג, פיעטרקוב תרלח, דף מא ע”ד).

[5] בערובין: ויתיב אפיתחא דרב יהודה בר אמי.

[6] בערובין: כי נפקי ועיילי רבנן.

[7] ערובין, שם: אמהתא דבי רבי, כי הות משתעיא בלשון חכמה, אמרה הכי. עלת נקפת בכד; ידאון נשריא לקיניהון … רבי אלעאי … עלץ בנערה אהרונית אחרונית עירנית.

[8] דברי רשב”ץ הובאו במדרש שמואל, לַמִּשְׁנָה, במקוצר ובשנויי לשון. המחבר, ר’ שמואל די-אוזידה, מתנצל על כך וכותב: והואלתי לכתוב ולהאריך רוב דבריו של רשב”ץ ז”ל, ואף אם הוא האריך יותר ויותר, לפי שזה הוא עיקר גדול בהנהגת האדם ובכל פרטיו.
מאידך, הוסיף המעתיק, בתוך דברי רשב”ץ, שני חדושים משל עצמו, הבנוים על יסוד דברי רשב”ץ. הוא מודיע על כך בציון ‘ונ”ל הכותב’ (בראש החדוש הראשון) ובציון ‘ואני הכותב נ”ל’ (בראש החדוש השני). ונצטט את חדושו השני, הקשור יותר לעניננו: ואני הכותב נראה לי, שזה שאמר דוד המלך ע”ה: ואתהלכה ברחבה. כלומר, לטייל ברחבה, לפי שפקודיך דרשתי, וחליש דעתאי מן הגרסא, ולזה אני הולך לטייל. ולזה לא אמר ואהלך ברחבה, אלא ואתהלכה, מן ההתפעל, שהוא מורה על הטיול. וכמו שארז”ל כי הוו רבנן חלשי מגרסייהו אמרי מילי דבדיחותא. וזהו ענין ההגדות הנמצאות בגמרא – – –

[9] לפנינו: בין אצל לאצל טעינו ד מאה גמלי דדרשא. פירש רש”י: מאצל לאצל. שני מקראות הן, ופרשה גדולה ביניהן. ולאצל ששה בנים [ד”ה א ח לח], וקא חשיב ואזיל הבנים. וסיפא דפרשתא אלה בני אצל (ט מד).
אמנם בספר הערוך, ערך אצל: בגמ’ … בין אצל לאצל טעון ארבע מאה גמלי דרשא. פי’. פסוק בדברי הימים [א ח לח] הוא, ותחלתו אצל וסופו אצל. ואף על פי שקרובין זה לזה, הוי טעון ת גמלי דרשא.
וראה גם ספר מעריך, לר’ מנחם די לונזנו: ואני אומר. לא כי! אלא ב פסוקים דומים הם. אחד בסוף סימן ח, ואחד בסוף סימן ט. ובין זה לזה מה פסוקים, כמנין אדם. עכ”ל רמד”ל. ותמיהני, שהרי זה פירוש רש”י בפסחים!

[10] הביא דבריו ר’ יוסף יעבץ, בפֵרושו לאבות ג יד. עי”ש. וראה: יעקב ריפמן, עיונים במשנת הראב”ע, בעריכת נפתלי בן-מנחם, ירושלים תשכב, עמ’ 29-28.

[11] וראה: יעקב ריפמן, שם, עמ’ 48.

[12] שלמה יהודה הכהן רפופורט (שי”ר), ליפמן צונץ ומשה הלוי לנדא, שעל סמך גימטריא יחסו את הפיוט אנסיכה מלכי לר’ אלעזר הקלירי.

Some Assorted Comments and a Selection from my Memoir, part 2

Some Assorted Comments and a Selection from my Memoir, part 2

by Marc B. Shapiro

1. In a recent Jewish Action (Summer 2009), p. 21, Elli Fischer writes:

Brandeis University has been enclosed by an eruv for thirty years, longer than any other campus not adjacent to an established Jewish community. Since Brandeis is a Jewish institution, the eruv is funded by the university (as opposed to the students). . . . Rabbi David Fine, who graduated from Brandeis in the mid-1980’s, recalls checking the eruv as a student. . . . The first two JLIC rabbis to serve at Brandeis, Todd Berman and Aharon Frazer, each implemented minor upgrades to the eruv.

This gives me the opportunity to correct some errors and tell part of the story of the Brandeis Orthodox community. The eruv was first established in the 1982-1983 school year, when R. Meir Sendor was the Orthodox advisor. (Sendor is currently the rabbi of Young Israel of Sharon and is unusual in that he is both an academic scholar of Kabbalah, with a PhD from Harvard,[1] and also involved in Kabbalah from the spiritual side.) Rabbi Sendor informs me that Rabbi Yehudah Kelemer was the initial halakhic advisor, and Rabbi Shimon Eider was later brought in to be the official rav ha-machshir. (R. Eider later helped in putting up the eruv in Sharon, which was the first eruv in New England.)

When I arrived in Brandeis in the fall of 1985 we did not carry on Shabbat. (Contrary to the Jewish Action article, David Fine didn’t arrive at Brandeis until two years later.) I assume that due to some structural changes on campus, the eruv was no longer functional. During that academic year, Rabbi Eider returned, did what needed to be done, and the eruv was once again kosher. At this time, R. Yaakov Lazaros, a Chabad rabbi in Framingham (with semichah from R. Moshe Feinstein), was the Orthodox advisor.

The university paid (and I assume still pays) for the eruv’s upkeep, but this has nothing to do with Brandeis supposedly being a Jewish institution. In fact, it is not a Jewish institution. Brandeis paid because it saw this as an important service to the Orthodox community. The university has expanded since the 1980’s so that is probably why changes to the eruv had to be made. I don’t like the word “upgrade” that Fischer used, because “upgrade” means to improve the quality of something, and I don’t think that Rabbi Eider’s eruv needed to be improved.

When one speaks of Orthodox life at Brandeis, a lot of credit must go to Rabbi Albert Axelrad, who was the Reform Hillel rabbi at Brandeis. He is someone who over time I came to admire greatly, even though our religious outlooks were so very different. What Weinberg jokingly said about another Reform rabbi applies equally to Axelrad: He is a “hillul ha-shem,” (hillul ha-shem in quotation marks!) because he shows that “one can be an upstanding and noble man, full of the spirit of love for Israel, its Torah, and its language,” even if one is not a halakhic Jew.[2]

In ways that people don’t realize, Axelrad greatly assisted Orthodox growth on campus, and today Brandeis has a very large Orthodox contingent.[3] It was Axelrad who made sure that there would be an Orthodox advisor on campus, paid for from the Hillel budget. Yet despite his leaning over backwards to help the Orthodox, there were always those in the Orthodox community who had negative feelings towards him, not only ideologically, but also personally. These were people who came from yeshivot and had never had any contact with a Reform rabbi, and here was one who performed intermarriages. Axelrad had also been involved in some leftist causes and has the dubious distinction of having been officially put into herem, ceremony and all, by Rabbi Marvin Antelman. He shared this honor with the entire membership of the New Jewish Agenda, whom Antelman also placed under herem. (I mentioned Antelman in a previous installment and hope to return to him as his books are deserving of their own post.)

Rabbi Lazaros was only at Brandeis for one year and he was followed by Rabbi Marc Gopin. Those who saw the video on the Rav will probably remember Gopin as he has a few appearances in it. At the time he was working on his dissertation, which focuses on Samuel David Luzzatto.[4] He has also published a nice article on Elijah Benamozegh.[5] Since then he has made an international reputation for himself in the area of conflict resolution, travelling widely and publishing a number of books.[6]

Gopin was followed by another rabbi, a RIETS graduate, who would have been very good for the community in another ten years. But at this time he was too much to the right for them. The community had always been a somewhat liberal place. I recall the outrage among many when R. Moshe Dovid Tendler came to campus and expressed his feelings about homosexuality. There was the same outrage when the new campus rabbi said similar things. (Shmuley Boteach or R. Chaim Rapoport would have been more in line with the students’ feelings.) The following should give a further sense of the liberal nature of the community: The practice on Shabbat morning when taking the Torah out of the ark was for the hazan to carry it through the women’s section. This struck everyone as a very nice thing to do, and although it is not done at the typical synagogue, college is a very different place. Another example of how college differs from the “real world” is that during Shabbat morning services women routinely give divrei Torah, yet this is not something that most “regular” shuls are willing to allow.

When Rabbi Lazaros was the Orthodox advisor he ruled that the practice of carrying the Torah on the women’s side was forbidden. From the way he explained his decision I understood that the major issue wasn’t carrying the Torah on the woman’s side per se, but rather women kissing the Torah. As he was the rav, we had to listen to him, even on the Shabbatot that he was not there. However, in an act of rebellion the community made a decision that when the Torah was taken out of the ark the hazan, who now could not walk around the women’s side, would also not walk around the men’s side. He would bring the Torah right to the bimah. When the Torah was returned to the ark the hazan walked to the front of the synagogue and sang Mizmor le-David, once again without walking around the men’s side. The following year, with the arrival of a new Orthodox advisor, the community revived the old practice of carrying the Torah on the women’s side.

When I was the Orthodox advisor in the early 1990’s the Orthodox culture on campus had changed, and the situation with carrying the Torah was exactly reversed from what it had been in the 1980’s. In the 1990’s it was the students, or rather some students, who wanted to stop carrying the Torah on the women’s side. They didn’t think that an Orthodox shul could have such a practice. My position was that the minhag had to remain the way it was. At that time there was a very dynamic Ramah-type minyan and if the Orthodox were seen as too close-minded we would lose people to the Conservative minyan. In fact, it was precisely because of the liberal nature of our minyan that many non-Orthodox were attracted to it, and a number of students adopted an observant lifestyle while at Brandeis. While some students, coming to Brandeis after a year in Israel, wanted the minyan to be just like their shul in Teaneck and the Five Towns, the truth was that the minyan, to be successful, had to be run like an out of town shul.

This was not the only time I felt that for the sake of the wider appeal of the Orthodox community I had to make decisions that got some people upset. On Friday night there was a communal meal for all the different denominations. Often a woman would say kiddush. After that everyone could, of course, make their own kiddush. But there were some people who wanted to make a big deal about the women saying kiddush, and were also saying that men are not yotze with this, no matter which woman is reciting the kiddush. At the same time that this was happening, there were also those in the non-Orthodox groups who wanted to start having women lead the communal birkat ha-mazon. Until then, out of deference to the Orthodox, only a man led it.

We have a talmudic principle that if you try to grab too much you will end up with nothing, so I had to make a choice. The real halakhic issue here was birkat ha-mazon, as a woman cannot be motzi a man.[7] Therefore, I told the students that it was OK for the women to make kiddush but not birkat ha-mazon, and anyone who wanted to should make his own kiddush. This compromise was accepted. A year prior to this, before I was working at Brandeis, I had been wondering about this issue and asked R. Yehudah Herzl Henkin if it was permitted for a woman to say kiddush for a man. He replied in the affirmative. Shortly after receiving his answer, the same issue became pressing at Harvard Hillel. I told the Orthodox rabbi at Harvard, Harry Sinoff, what the practice at Brandeis was and that he might want to consult with R. Henkin. This is the responsum R. Henkin wrote, published here for the first time. (See also Bnei Vanim, vol. 2, pp. 40-41.)

I myself wrote a short Hebrew “mini-responsum” dealing with women, kiddush, and birkat ha-mazon. It was taped to the wall of the campus beit midrash, but with the move to the right, I am sure that not too long after my departure the responsum came down.

I just mentioned the Brandeis beit midrash, which it itself significant. Other than Brandeis, I don’t know if there is another secular university in the world that has a beit midrash in a university building. When the beit midrash was established in the early 1990’s it was a great achievement. It was an entirely student led project, but again, Rabbi Axelrad’s involvement, behind the scenes, was crucial. He spoke at the beit midrash dedication, as did the Boston Rosh Kollel.

There were also some minor conflicts related to the beit midrash. Although it was the Orthodox students who arranged for it, it was obviously something that all students could be part of. The question came up of what type of books should be stocked there. My feeling was that since the library had all the scholarly and academic books, there was no reason for these sorts of texts to be in the beit midrash.

Another issue arose with the Boston kollel. They had recently become involved with Brandeis students as part of their outreach. One of the kollel guys, who was having a great influence on the students, wanted to start a gemara shiur on campus. This was fabulous. He wanted to give the shiur in the beit midrash, which was the natural place. However, he said that he could only do it if no women were allowed into the beit midrash during this time (even if they were not participating in the shiur). One of the women students complained to me, and I agreed that this was improper. The beit midrash was established for all students and must be open 24 hours a day for everyone. We could not have a situation where, like a pool, the beit midrash is closed to women for certain hours. It also went against the ethos of the community to declare that women are barred from attending certain classes. I told the male students who were organizing the shiur that it would have to take place somewhere else, and that is what happened.

Right when we were having the discussions one of the students drove to Brookline to attend Prof. Isadore (R. Yitzhak) Twersky’s gemara shiur, and he came back reporting that there was a woman in attendance. If the Talner Rebbe welcomed women to his shiur, were the Brandeis students supposed to be more “frum”? For those who have never seen a picture of my late teacher, who was also the son-in-law of R. Joseph B. Soloveitchik, here he is:

There was another time when the Boston Rosh Kollel gave a decision to some of the students that I felt could drive away the less religious if it was adopted by the community as a whole. Since there were students who thought that the Rosh Kollel should be regarded as the halakhic authority for the community, I was in a difficult situation. This was especially so as I myself had asked him questions in the past, so it would not be an easy thing to reject his ruling in this case. I consulted a well-known haredi posek with whom I had discussed other matters, including an issue of possible mamzerut that came up on campus. He agreed with my position but said that he could not put his decision in writing.

I know that some people will find this objectionable, but it never bothered me. Why should I care if he put it in writing? He knew that if he did he might be attacked. Given the choice between no pesak (if it has to be in writing) or an oral pesak, obviously the latter is preferable. Although at the time I told people who gave the pesak (and anyone who wanted to could call him up to confirm it), revealing it on this blog would, I think, fall into the category of “putting it in writing.” This posek is still functioning, and if he was afraid of being attacked fifteen years ago, all the more so today. (There are reasons why I am being vague about the particulars of the pesak.)

Returning to the Brandeis beit midrash, Prof. Marvin Fox also spoke at its dedication. This was significant as it was the first time, in my memory, that the students took advantage of this great scholar and talmid hakham.[8] There was such a disconnect at Brandeis between the academic life and the religious life that regarding the latter we all overlooked the people in our midst, those who were teaching us in the classroom. I too regret not speaking to Fox in greater detail. For example, having lived in Columbus, Ohio he knew R. Leopold Greenwald very well, and yet other than hearing one or two stories about him from Fox, I never took the time to find out more. Fox also knew Chaim Bloch, the great rabbinic forger. (Greenwald and Bloch were themselves good friends.) He told me once that there was a lot he could say about Bloch, and yet I was foolish and never took advantage of this.

After Fox’s death I discovered a letter from him to Bloch in which he explains how it happened that Greenwald’s great library ended up at the Hebrew Union College. He also tells us the tragic fate of Greenwald’s huge collection of letters, letters that he received from gedolim and scholars over the course of many decades. This must have been one of the largest and most interesting collections in the world, full of priceless material which should have been given to a library so a Greenwald archive could be established. Among these papers were also to be found manuscripts from Greenwald’s own pen that had not yet been published. It was perhaps with this in mind that Fox told me very firmly, at the Brandeis beit midrash dedication, not to let the letters of Weinberg out of my hands. He was convinced that some people would want to destroy them, or at the very least make sure they were not made public.

Here is Fox’s letter to Bloch, courtesy of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York [9]:

Returning to the RIETS graduate who was the Orthodox advisor following Gopin, there were a few issues that created problems. Yet the straw that broke the camel’s back was that, in accordance with R. Moshe Feinstein’s pesak, he would not give an aliyah to Rabbi Axelrad. Axelrad’s practice was to come to the Orthodox minyan once a year. Not giving him an aliyah was something that simply wouldn’t fly at Brandeis. It was not a question of Axelrad being concerned about his kavod. I am certain that he did not take personal offense. But he was very concerned about what appeared to be a growing split in the community, a community that had always gotten along so well. To publicly refuse to give the Hillel rabbi an aliyah would give the Orthodox community a sectarian flavor very much removed from both the Hillel ethos, as well from the majority of Orthodox students as well. It was not surprising, therefore, that this rabbi was let go in the middle of the year. After he was let go he tried to create a separate Orthodox community independent of Hillel. It was to be a real Austrittsgemeinde, and he told us that money would be forthcoming from New York to help us form the new community. Yet none of the students were interested.

R. Yehudah Herzl Henkin’s responsum, Bnei Vanim, vol. 2, no. 9, on whether one can give a Reform rabbi an aliyah, is dealing with the Brandeis situation (and was sent to me). Rabbi Henkin’s responsa have an unfortunate characteristic in that they don’t mention to whom he is writing, or give other identifying details. Without this blog post, future historians would have had no way of knowing which of the many American campuses he was referring to. Think of how much we learn about the history of Orthodoxy in America from R. Moshe Feinstein’s responsa. We see him answering questions to Canton, Berkeley and all sorts of other places. Knowing to where he is writing is vital for getting a sense not only of Orthodoxy of the time, but of the responsum itself, since his ruling for an out-of-the way place cannot always be applied when dealing with a center of Jewish life. More leniencies are obviously found in the former. With regard to Bnei Vanim, since R. Henkin doesn’t tell us to whom he is writing, when he is offering comments on another’s work we have no way of identifying this text if we want to get a better sense of the opposing position. (Other poskim have also published responsa that deal with Brandeis, and I will discuss them in a future post.)

I think readers might also find the following story interesting, from my tenure as Orthodox advisor at Brandeis. Every Friday night all the different groups on campus would get together for an oneg, at which there would be a speaker. Out of respect for the Orthodox a microphone was never used, which wasn’t really an issue since the onegs were not that big. However, it so happened that Hillel had an opportunity to bring in Dr. Ruth Westheimer [10] to speak on Friday night. She wasn’t going to speak about any sexual matters, but about her early years in Germany and her family that was killed.

This was at the height of Dr. Ruth’s fame, and there was going to be a huge crowd to come hear her. Hillel had decided to break with tradition and use a microphone at the event, which was to be held in a hall much larger than was usually used. I was told that Dr. Ruth actually insisted on the microphone, and the Hillel leadership didn’t feel like they could refuse. Before continuing with the story, let me go back a few years and tell how I, and my classmates, first heard of Dr. Ruth, because I think it says something about how yeshiva administrators are sometimes very foolish. I still remember how one day on the bus all the talk was about how the administration of Bruriah High School – the girl’s school of the Jewish Educational Center in Elizabeth, where I was a student – had sent out a letter to all parents telling them about a very dangerous radio show called “Sexually Speaking” that was on very late on Sunday night. The parents were told to make sure that their daughters didn’t listen to it—as if a parent can control what a teenager does with her radio in the privacy of her room. It was an era before computers, when we all listened to radio. (I am sure many readers remember the days when 770 WABC played music.)

Now anyone should realize that the perfect way to bring teenagers to do something is to tell them that they can’t do it. Although perhaps none of the Bruriah students had ever even heard of the show, upon receipt of this letter they all were determined to find out what the administration wanted to keep them away from. Not only that, but on the bus, the day after the letter was received, they told all the boys about this strange letter. None of us had ever heard of Dr. Ruth, and our school never sent out a warning letter to parents. Yet you can be sure that after hearing the news we too were curious. It happens that some students found Dr. Ruth so funny and interesting that they listened to her while they were on the phone together. The whole novelty was about an older Jewish woman, with a strong accent, speaking so openly about the things people don’t usually speak about.

Returning to the story, I was now put in a difficult situation, since the Orthodox community could not support an event that involved Sabbath violation. I told this to the Hillel administration and I told the students that I would not be going and it was not something that the Orthodox community could be part of. I remained in the dining room with those students who chose to stay, and those who wanted to hear Dr. Ruth went upstairs, where the event was taking place. Imagine my surprise when someone sits down next to me, and lo and behold, it is Dr. Ruth. She had obviously been told that there was some controversy about her speaking on the microphone, and she wanted to come speak to me. She was extremely apologetic, and said that unfortunately she needs the microphone, otherwise no one would be able to hear her. She also told me that she was sorry that this created problems for the Orthodox community. Dr. Ruth stayed with us for about ten minutes or so, and even bentched together with us (though though she hadn’t eaten anything!). She told me that she remembered singing the standard tune to the first paragraph of birkat hamazon when she was a child in Germany. I don’t know if she had sung it since.

One other event is worth recalling, and this took place when I was an undergraduate. It involved a dispute between me and my friend David Bernstein, and I would be curious to hear what readers have to say.[11] We decided to create an organization so we could invite in speakers. In order to get money from the university, we had to be officially chartered, so in our senior year we created the Brandeis chapter of Young Americans for Freedom. It had exactly two members (we had no interest in having any others join), and lasted for only one year (i.e., until we graduated). I was a little surprised when the Brandeis student senate agreed to charter us and give us money, but hey, you don’t look a gift horse in the mouth. (Had Matthew Brooks not already graduated, we probably would have let him join our little club. Brooks is now the executive director of the Republican Jewish Coalition. See here)

One of our events was sponsoring a debate between my father, Edward S. Shapiro, and Stephen S. Whitfield on what political ideology was more in line with Jewish interests. This had a very large turn-out and the problem was that Whitfield, although a Democrat, is more of a Truman or Kennedy Democrat. Every time my father cited some nonsensical statement by a Democratic figure, Whitlfield agreed that it was nonsense, so they ended up agreeing about as much as they disagreed. A debate isn’t much fun unless one of the speakers is prepared to defend what others regard as indefensible (e.g., anyone looking to defend ACORN?).

For those who don’t know, Whitfield is one of the leading experts on American Jewish culture, having written an enormous amount on the topic. My father started off as a general historian, but has also written a great deal on American Jewish history. I can’t help thinking that the reason the New York Times never reviewed his book on the Crown Heights Riots [12] – which was a National Jewish Book Award Finalist – was that they didn’t want to revisit the issue. It was, after all, the great embarrassment of the Dinkins administration, and the symbol of Democratic failure in New York City, ushering in the Giuliani era. Yet it was, precisely for these reasons, one of the most important events in recent New York City history, and one would think that the New York Times would have thought it worthwhile to review such a book. But no, they let it pass without comment.

We also brought in Dinesh D’Souza to speak. This was before he had published any of his books. In fact, I had never even heard of him when Bernstein suggested we bring him. His talk, though sparsely attended, was quite good. My dispute with Bernstein happened regarding our next speaker. I wanted to bring Lew Lehrman to speak. He was a prominent conservative who almost became governor of New York. He also had some honorary role in Young Americans for Freedom. Bernstein strongly disagreed. He argued that since Lehrman had converted to Catholicism a few years prior, he was not the sort of person we should be asking to speak. Although Bernstein was not Orthodox, that was a big issue for him and I agreed to drop the idea. But from my perspective, the fact that Lehrman had left the fold had no relevance for me in terms of having him speak. I wasn’t giving him an honor or asking him to speak on his theology. I wanted to hear him talk about economic matters and the situation in Nicaragua, and didn’t think that his personal life was of any relevance.

Although the cases are obviously not identical, there was a time when many people would have reacted the same way to inviting an intermarried speaker, and my response would have been the same. Since there is such a high intermarriage rate, one day most of us will have someone running for Congress in our district who is intermarried (some already have such representatives), just like most of us already know people, or have family members, who are intermarried. I don’t think this should have any relevance on my vote. In fact, I don’t think it should have any relevance on anything. Two generations ago, anyone who intermarried realized that he was doing something very much at odds with Jewish life and upbringing. Today, hardly anyone who grows up in the non-Orthodox world thinks that it is an issue at all, and it is only a matter of time before the Conservative movement accepts intermarriage. They have no choice, as their congregations are full of people whose children intermarry, and they can’t go on forever taking a hard line on this issue. Not only do they lose the intermarried children, they often lose the parents when the rabbi tells his long-time congregants that he is sorry but he can’t perform the wedding of their children or even announce it in the synagogue newsletter. I predict that within ten years we will see Conservative rabbis doing intermarriages.

The massive intermarriage rate has also impacted the Orthodox world. A number of years ago R. Jehiel Jacob Weinberg stated that he thought that it might be a good idea for a father whose son was going to intermarry to attend the wedding, thus not completely cutting off all ties.[13] Weinberg had known the problems of intermarriage very well, as the son of his good friend R. Shlomo Aronson, Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, had married a non-Jewish Russian woman. He also knew Jacob Klatzkin, the brilliant philosopher and Zionist thinker, who was the son of the even more brilliant R. Elijah Klatzkin. How many people know that Jacob Klatzkin intermarried?

According to Gotthard Deutsch, R. Esriel Hildesheimer’s son Levi intermarried.[14] It is hard to imagine that Deutsch, who was Levi’s contemporary, was mistaken with the facts, especially since he was never corrected in succeeding issues of the newspaper in which he published this information. Yet Dr. Meir Hildesheimer has told me that Levi Hildesheimer married the daughter of Abraham Brodsky of Odessa, the well known philanthropist. Levi’s son, Arnold Hildesheimer, was an active Zionist who made his living as a chemist and eventually moved to the Land of Israel. Arnold’s mother was definitely Jewish. Therefore, I don’t know if Deutsch erred or if Levi married twice.. Arnold Hildesheimer’s son was Wolfgang Hildesheimer, an important figure in pre-World War II German literature.

Unfortunately, we have a number of examples of not merely intermarriage of children of great rabbis, but even conversion. The story of the son of R. Shneur Zalman of Lyady is well known, and I don’t need to repeat it here. Let me just mention, however, that the man was clearly mentally unbalanced. Michael Bernays, a son of Hakham Isaac Bernays, is probably the most famous apostate from a rabbinic family in modern times, converting seven years after his father’s death. Another son of Hakham Bernays, Jacob, actually sat shiva when this occurred.[15] If we want to look at descendants of great rabbis who converted, then the family tree of R. Akiva Eger has plenty of non-Jews. In fact, a predecessor to R. Akiva Eger as rav of Posen, the Beit Shmuel Aharon, R. Samuel ben Moses Falkenfeld,[16] had a most significant great-grandson, yet he was not Jewish. I refer to none other than Leon von Bilinski.[17] He was Austrian minister of finance and also military governor of Bosnia when Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated.

I assume the famous Posen family got its name from the city of Posen. R. Gershon Posen, the dayan of Frankfurt’s separatist community, had a grandson who was on the verge of converting to Christianity. Nahum Glatzer describes this young man’s disillusionment with Orthodoxy, and how he tried to talk him out of conversion.[18] (The conversion never took place, and another grandson, R. Raphael Posen, tells me that the more than seventy grandchildren of R. Gershon all remained Orthodox.)

How are Orthodox Jews supposed to relate to those who intermarry, and who typically don’t know any better? Many of us have even been invited to intermarriages. R Yuval Sherlow has stated that while it is not permitted to attend an intermarriage wedding ceremony, there are times (especially when family is involved) that it would be permitted to attend the party.[19] R. Ovadiah Yosef has ruled that it is permitted to give an intermarried man an aliyah,[20] and this opinion is also shared by R. Baruch Avraham Toledano and R. Pinchas Toledano (former Sephardic Av Beit Din of London).[21] I am also told that this is the practice at the Lakewood kiruv minyanim all over the country. This is so despite the fact that the most that R. Moshe Feinstein would permit in such a case is to allow the intermarried man to open and close the Ark.[22] It is actually Aish Hatorah that has done more to “normalize” intermarriage than any other organization in the Orthodox world. Not only does Aish Hatorah do outreach to the intermarried (something we can all appreciate), but they use various intermarried Jewish celebrities in their publicity, and have even honored these people at their events. I am not saying that they are wrong in what they do. After all, the old approach to intermarriage doesn’t work today, and although I find something distasteful about using an intermarried celebrity as the poster-boy to invite people to a Torah class, I see how people can disagree. But about one thing there can be no doubt, and that is that R. Aaron Kotler would be turning over in his grave if he saw what this supposedly haredi organization has done when it comes to tacit acceptance of intermarriage.

Yet we shouldn’t assume that it is only in modern times that intermarried people have been honored by Orthodox Jews. While it would have been unimaginable in previous years to put them on a pedestal the way Aish Hatorah does, there were times that the intermarried man did such great service for the Jewish community that it was only proper to express feelings of gratitude. Adolphe Cremieux is one such example. Although being intermarried, he helped the Jewish community in many ways. One can even say that he is a model for our time, in showing that one can love the Jewish people and sacrifice for them, even after having intermarried. Here is a song written in honor of Cremieux by the noted R. Aaron Fuld of Frankfurt, author of Beit Aharon. It is taken from Judaica Jerusalem auction cataloge of Summer 1997, p. 6.

Worse than intermarriage is apostasy, but the same issue came up there also. The apostate Daniel Chwolson staunchly defended his former religion and people. How were the Jews to relate to him? Let me quote Louis Jacobs, The Jewish Religion (Oxford, 1995) pp. 99-100:

When Chwolson celebrated his seventieth birthday, a number of Russian rabbis, in gratitude for his efforts on behalf of the Jewish community, sent him a telegram to wish him many happy returns. Rabbi Hayyim Soloveitchik was more typical of the standard Jewish abhorrence of apostasy when he refused to participate, saying: ‘I do not send congratulatory telegrams to a meshumad.” The wry remark attributed to Chwolson himself in the following story is probably apocryphal. Chwolson is reported to have said that he became a Christian out of conviction. “Who are you kidding?” said a Jewish friend. “How can you of all people, a learned Jew, be convinced that Christianity is true and Judaism false?” To which Chwolson is supposed to have replied: “I was convinced that it is better to be a professor at the university than to be a Hebrew teacher [melamed] in a small town.”

2. I have seen ads for the soon to be published new RCA Artscroll siddur. It will be interesting to see how the battle shapes up between the Sacks siddur and the new RCA Artscroll. I can’t see how the Sacks siddur is going to make any real headway, as I don’t think many shuls are going to get rid of the Artscroll siddur they have been using for so long, and which does just about everything you need a siddur to do. While the new RCA siddur was in the production stages, R. Asher Lopatin of Chicago sent the following letter to the Siddur Committee. I think it is interesting in that it shows some of the concerns of those on the Orthodox left. Although I haven’t seen the new siddur yet, I don’t think I am going out on too much of a limb to predict that the RCA will not be adopting Lopatin’s proposal. (I thank R. Lopatin for allowing me to publish his letter.[23])

The Practice of Saying She’asani Yisrael for the Birchot HaShachar instead of the three “Shelo Asani”s

In Masechet Menachot, 43b (Bavli), Rabbi Meir says that a person, “Adam”, has to (chayav) say three blessings every day: She’asani Yisrael, Shelo Asani Isha and Shelo Asani Bur. There is a note there that it should be Rabbi Yehuda saying this instead of Rabbi Meir, and also on the next line Rav Acha Bar Ya’akov replaces “Shelo Asani Bur” with “Shelo Asani Aved”.

The G’mara questions why we need to say both Shelo Asani Aved and Shelo Asani Isha, but it gives an answer to this question. Rashi, in his second explanation of that answer, on Menachot 44a, says that we need to say both in order to come up with 100 b’rachot. The Bach (O.C 46) argues that the main reason for saying all three is to increase the number of b’rachot we say to 100. He argues that that is the main reason for saying three b’rachot in the negative (shelo asani) instead of one b’racha in the positive (she’asani Yisrael) – basically, if you would say “She’asani Yisrael” then you couldn’t say “Shelo asani aved, isha”. The Aruch HaShulchan (46, yud) paskins as well that if you say She’asani Yisrael, you cannot say the other two negative b’rachot. The Mishna B’rura (46,16) leaves it as a dispute.

Most Rishonim, notably the Rif and the Rambam (according to the G’ra), disagree with our existing girsa of the words of Rabbi Meir/Rabbi Yehuda, and they have the first b’racha in the negative as “Shelo Asani Goy”. This is the standard version in siddurim, nusach Ashkenaz and Sepharad and Edot Hamizrach, with the occasional nusach of “Shelo Asani Nochri” instead of “goy”. The Magen Avraham (O.C. 46, tet) mentions, that there were siddurim – perhaps many of them – that had the b’racha of she’asani Yehudi , but that that is a mistake of the printers, and the Mishna B’rura (46, 15) says that there are several siddurim with “She’asani Yisrael” but that one should not say that as it is also a mistake that of the printers (shibush had’fus).

The Magen Avraham (O.C. 46, yud) and the Haghot Ha’Gra (O.C. 46) interpret the Rama (46, 4) as suggesting that converts should say “She’asani Ger” and the Bach (46) interprets the Rama as suggesting that converts say “She’asani Yehudi” – instead of the negative.

Moreover, the Rosh is in the back of Masechet B’rachot, paragraph #24 (daf 39 in our versions, referring to B’rachot 60a) – upholds the Girsa that we have in Menachot. It’s in rounded brackets in the Rosh, and the Divrei Chamudot on the Rosh doesn’t like it, but it is there. Importantly, the G’ra affirms it is the girsa of the Rosh (and the Tur, which doesn’t appear in our versions) in his Biur HaGra on OH 46:4.

Therefore:

Since many of the Nosei Keilim and the Aruch HaShulchan feel compelled to ask: Why are these b’rachot in the negative (see Taz 46:4 “Rabim makshim…”)?

And since the girsa that we have in our G’marras is She’asani Yisrael, supported by the Rosh and the G’ra

And since even though the Shulchan Aruch rejects our positive girsa of the b’racha, the Rama does support it (in some version) as a legitimate b’racha in certain circumstances – for a convert

And since even those who reject “She’asani Yisrael/Yehudi/Ger” for a convert, (Sh’lah and Bach, see Taz 46, 10), do not reject it because it is not a legitimate nusach, but, rather, because it does not apply to a convert who has made himself a Jew, rather than being created by God as a Jew.

And since the negativity of the three b’rachot causes lots of misunderstandings in shul where many people come from Reform, Conservative or unaffiliated backgrounds – or even from Orthodox backgrounds without perhaps truly understanding the love that Chazal had for all human beings, male, female, Jewish or Gentile

I have asked my shul, Anshe Sholom B’nai Israel Congregation, a shul that does a lot of kiruv, to follow the girsa of the b’racha according to the G’ra and the Rosh, and say, “She’asani Yisrael” and that a woman say “She’asani Yisraelit” instead of “Shelo Asani Goy.”

Once the first b’racha is said in this way, the way it appears in the G’marra Menachot, then we have no choice, based on the rule of ‘safek b’rachot lekula’ and based on the p’sak of the Aruch HaShulchan (from the Bach) , to avoid saying the final two, negative b’rachot of “Shelo Asani Aved” and “Shelo Asani Isha”.

Clearly this helps avoid many of the questions that people ask about the negativity toward “goyim” or “women” that someone who does not understand Chazal do ask. The answers given help, but for a shul dedicated to kiruv, these b’rachot are a big turn off.

On the other hand, the b’racha of “she’asani Yisrael/Yisraelit” is a beautiful b’racha, thanking God for making me Jewish – proud to be Jewish, excited to begin the day as a Yisrael.

In addition, from a philosophical point of view, rather than beginning the day with negative b’rachot, which accentuate the G’mara of “noach lo la’adam shelo nivra” (see Bach 46, then Taz 46, 4), let us begin the day with a positive b’racha “k’mo sha’ar b’rachot shemevarchim al hatova” (Magen Avraham, 46, 9). Not negating the p’sak of “noach lo…”, but just respecting the positive aspects which G’mara Menachot the way we have it preferred.

Homiletically, “She’asani Yisrael” matches very well with B’reishit 32:27: “Vayomer, Shalcheni ki alah hashacher” – see Rashi ad loc where that is referring to Birchot HaShachar of the angels! And then two p’sukim later, what b’racha (“ki im beirachtani”) does Ya’akov get? “Lo Ya’akov ye’ameir shimcha, ki im Yisrael”! There is no better way to bringing these p’sukim to life than by saying birchot hashachar every day the way our G’marra has it: “She’asani Yisrael” – proud as Ya’akov was to receive the name, “Yisrael.”

Finally, Rav Benny Lau, an important Talmid Chacham and leader of Beit Morasha, has told me that he, too, follows this practice of saying “She’asani Yisrael” – and he tells his daughters to say “Yisraelit” – in the morning and having it replace the three negative b’rachot.

At the same time, it is important to emphasize the need to reach 100 b’rachot a day, and to push people to be careful about saying Asher Yatzar when leaving the bathroom, and b’rachot before and after eating, and being in shul as frequently as possible in order to hear chazarat haShatz to more easily reach 100 b’rachot.

I would humbly ask the Committee responsible for the new RCA Artscroll siddur to consider either putting this practice in the siddur itself, as a possible “hanhaga”, or allowing this way of saying birchot Hashachar to appear on the RCA Artscroll siddur web site, to that I can download it and print it up for my shul, and any other shuls interested in this hanhaga can do the same.

Sincerely yours and with wishes of hatzlacha rabba,

Rabbi Asher Lopatin

3. Virtually every one of our sages, together with all their brilliance, offer at least one an unusual, sometimes even incomprehensible, idea. Since I am writing this right before Sukkot, here is something to think about when you take the Arba’ah Minim. R. Jacob Ettlinger, the greatest of nineteenth-century German gedolim, writes as follows in his Bikurei Yaakov 651:13. (If you raised this safek in shiur today, the rebbe would think you were joking, but as with even the strangest suggestions, one can often find a true gadol who discusses the issue.)

נסתפקתי אם אנו יושבי אירופא יוצאין בד’ מינין שגדלו באיי אמעריקא ואויסטראליען שיושבין לצדינו ותחתינו, וכן איפכא. שידוע מה שכתבו הטבעים שרגליהם נגד רגלינו, ומה שאין נופלין נגד השמים הוא מפני ששם הבורא כח מושך בארץ. וא”כ המינים שגדלו שם אם נוטלין אצלנו הוא הפוך מדרך גדולתן, שאצלנו גדלו ראשי הלולב וההדס ההם יותר למטה מזנבם. או אי נימא, כיון שנוטל הגדל סמוך לארץ למטה זה מקרי דרך גדילתו, והכי מסתברא.

4. In the latest Hakirah (Summer 2009), p. 134 n. 189, Chaim Landerer quotes my translation of a comment by R. Solomon Judah Rapoport. I didn’t know that Landerer was going to publish my translation, and I answered his e-mail quickly and carelessly. The correct translation is not that Rapoport is “as Catholic as the Pope,” but something even stronger. Frankel says that Shir is “more Catholic than the Pope.” (Thanks to R. Ysoscher Katz who caught the error and alerted me. Also thanks to Rabbi Jonah Sievers who is always helpful in matters concerning German translation. Not being a native speaker, and obviously not familiar with all idioms of the language, every translation I have published has been carefully reviewed by expert translators.)

Speaking of errors, let me also correct something that appears in Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy. This correction has already been taken care of in the more recent editions of the book, but those who have the first or second printing can insert the correction into the volume. How this error came about, I have no idea. I must have been in a daze, and it was only when the book was published that I saw it. On p. 180, beginning line 3 from the top, it states “Might one then be able to say that our great divine Torah cannot endure the conjunction of Torah with so-called secular studies . . .” It should be corrected to say, “Might one then be able to say that our great divine Torah cannot compete with so called secular studies . . .”

There is a popular expression

כשם שאין תבן בלא בר כך אין ספר ללא טעויות.

The internet is so amazing as it allows all of us to correct errors that have appeared in our works, and publicize them, something that was not possible in earlier years. R. Judah Ibn Tibbon wrote to his son, R. Samuel (Iggeret ha-Musar, ed. Korah [Kiryat Sefer, 2007], p. 45):

והטעות שתצא מיד האדם הוא הנתפש עליה ונזכר בה כל ימיו.

In other words, unlike a verbal error which is forgotten, something in print is there forever. Yet today, we can minimize this problem by means of the internet. Rather than be embarrassed by errors we have made, and try to ensure that no one learns of them, we should all welcome the opportunity to point out our errors, so that our works are as perfect as we can make them. This is quite apart from the unseemliness of pointing out the errors of others, but not being prepared to call attention to our own mistakes.

Incidentally, Ibn Tibbon’s work is full of important lessons, but he says one thing that is very problematic. On p. 42 he writes:
.

.ואל תתעקש אתה להחזיק בדעתך אפילו אם תדע שהאמת אתך

What sense does this make? Doesn’t the Torah tell us לא תגורו? Didn’t the Rambam speak his mind no matter who disagreed? In our own day, isn’t R. Ovadiah Yosef fearless in expressing his opinion, no matter how much he is attacked? I posed this question to R. Meir Mazuz and he replied:

זו הערה נכונה. כנראה ר’ שמואל היה עוד רך בשנים וחשש האב שיגרום לו קנאה ושנאה כמו שקרה לר”ש בן גבירול, וגם להגר”ע יוסף שליט”א בבחרותו כשחלק על הבא”ח כידוע. אבל כשאדם כותב ספר חייב לגלות את דעתו (בעדינות ובזהירות) ולא יכוף על האמת פסכתר. ובמשך הזמן תתגלה האמת, כי היא לעולם עומדת.

5. I want to call everyone’s attention to a fascinating new book. Dirshuni, edited by Tamar Biala and Nechamah Weingarten-Mintz, is a book of modern midrashim, written by women. It has been selling very well in Israel and is an exciting genre that deserves its own discussion. Those who want to see some small excerpts can go here.

To order the book you can go here

6. In my last post I mentioned R. Meir Amsel and the memorial volume that recently appeared. I should have also mentioned that his son, R. Eli Amsel, runs the site Virtual Judaica.

7. Finally, I thank everyone who commented and e-mailed me about R. Yerucham Gorelik. There is no question that he was a fascinating man, and an entire post could be devoted to the great stories told about him. It is also true that his relationship with YU was complicated. Let me quote what Dr. Norman Lamm wrote about Gorelik, shortly after his death.

Rabbi Yerucham Gorelick appeared at times to be engaged in some kind of titanic inner struggle. He was a cauldron of activity and movement, of perpetual motion. He was a man of striking, sometimes startling contradictions. He appeared to be moving in different directions simultaneously. He was a man of changing moods, of profound dialectical tensions, although he was at all times an ish ha-emet, a man of unshakeable integrity.

For Dr. Lamm’s article, see here

Notes
[1] “The Emergence of the Provencal Kabbalah : Rabbi Isaac the Blind’s Commentary on Sefer Yezirah” (1994).

[2] Letter to Samuel Atlas, dated Oct. 16, 1959, published in “Scholars and Friends: Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg and Professor Samuel Atlas,” Torah u-Madda Journal 7 (1997), p. 113.

[3] See R. Jehiel Jacob Weinberg’s letter to R. Kook, Iggerot la-Reiyah (Jerusalem, 1990), p. 128

כבר הונח לי בהשתדלותו של רב אחד מרבני העדה הליברלית (דווקא ע”י רב ליברלי של העדה הליברלית, כאלו רוצה הקב”ה לזכות את כל ישראל במעלות שונות שיש בזה מה שאין וכו’).

[4] “The Religious Ethics of Samuel David Luzzatto” (Brandeis University, 1993).

[5] “An Orthodox Embrace of Gentiles? Interfaith Tolerance in the Thought of S. D. Luzzatto and E. Benamozegh,” Modern Judaism 18 (May 1998), pp. 173-195.

[6] See here A few days before his death, Rabbi Meir Kahane spoke at Brandeis. I think it was actually his last public talk before the night he was killed. For a video of Gopin confronting Kahane see here at 24:20, 31:50, and 43:05, and 56. Gopin starts to speak extensively at 1:02:45. The man standing next to Gopin is Dr. Aryeh Cohen, who also briefly served as Orthodox advisor at Brandeis. He now teaches at the American Jewish University. See here.

[7] See Shulhan Arukh, Orah Hayyim 199:6-7.

[8] He also had a nice sense of humor. On the first day of class he would come in and write his name on the board as “F-x.”

[9] The letter is found in the Chaim Bloch Collection, AR 7155.

[10] See here.

[11] Bernstein is now a nationally known professor of law. See here.

[12] Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot (Waltham, 2006).

[13] I have given the information on this to Rabbi Mark Dratch for his paper at the Orthodox Forum on the topic.

[14] See his article in the Jewish Chronicle, June 26, 1914.

[15] See Moshe Gresser, Dual Allegiance: Freud as a Modern Jew (Albany, 1994), p. 73. Hakham Bernays’ grandaughter, Martha (daughter of Berman Bernays) married Sigmund Freud. After they were married, Freud refused to allow her to light Shabbat candles. See ibid., p. 67.

[16] For details on the controversy surrounding Falkenfeld’s selection as rabbi, and how his opponents regarded as an “uncouth Polack” see Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews (Philadelphia, 1898), pp. 2-3. When he was rav in Tarnopol, he also had to contend with troublemakers. See R. Solomon Judah Rapoport’s letter in Leopold Greenwald, Toldot Mishpahat Rosenthal (Budapest, 1920), p. 76. For a picture of his tombstone, see here.

I can’t explain why on the tombstone he is referred to as “Moses Samuel,” when it should be Samuel ben Moses. For his biography, see Beit Shmuel Aharon al ha-Torah (Jerusalem, 1994), introduction.

[17] See here. My information on Bilinski’s family background comes from Gotthard Deutsch’s article in the Jewish Chronicle, June 26, 1914.

[18] The Memoirs of Nahum N. Glatzer (New York, 1997), pp. 126-128. Although Glatzer left Orthodoxy, in his younger years he studied in R. Salomon Breuer’s yeshiva in Frankfurt, and also with R. Nehemiah Nobel. As such, he understood Orthodoxy very well. Glatzer, who died in 1990, was retired when I came to Brandeis in 1985. To my great regret, I never took the trouble to interview him as I did with Prof. Alexander Altmann, who retired from Brandeis in 1976. On pp. 129-130 of Glatzer’s memoir we find the following, which I am sure will interest many readers of the Seforim blog.

In 1944 Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik (called “the Rov” by his followers and admirers) published in Talpiot a major article, “Ish ha-Halakhah” (the Halakhic Personality). The essay, written in a most beautiful Hebrew style, not only claimed for the observance of Jewish law the central place in Jewish life, but denied the—however circumscribed—validity of any other approach. The Halakhah demands a complete control of the Jew, to the exclusion of an emotional state of mind to accompany the halakhc function. There is no rightful place for, or justification of, a state of excitement or religious agitation, say, in the ceremony of blowing the shofar on New Year’s Day; what matters, and matters exclusively, is the proper execution of the ritual.

This exclusion of the emotional side of religion bothered me when I read the essay. I planned a polemic reply but was dissuaded by my colleagues. I happened to visit New York and voiced my feelings to Professor Louis Ginzberg, the great Talmudist. I expected him to agree with me and object to the rigid stand of the Rov. The cautious Ginzberg did not wish to commit himself, or to say something that could be quoted as a criticism of his Talmudic colleague. He, therefore, did not go beyond saying: “I like my whiskey straight,” which was a mild complaint against the Rov’s combination of Halakhah and philosophy. The only reference that could be interepreted as an admission of esthetics into the realm of religion was Ginzberg’s telling of the Gaon of Vilna (brother of Rabbi Abraham, Ginzberg’s forebear in the seventh generation), who near death admired the beauty of the etrog that was brought to him, since the day was one of the Sukkot festival days.

(The Rov, apparently, would have felt: Never mind the etrog’s beauty. What matters is that the citron is without blemish and the benediction is properly pronounced.).

I was disappointed that Ginzberg did not wish to take seriously the younger man’s question. In the meantime, the Rov changed his position and realized the wider dimension of faith. If you wait long enough . . . [ellipsis in original]. Yet, even with the changed position on the part of the Rov, Ginzberg, were he alive, would insist on having his whiskey straight.

Glatzer sees “The Lonely Man of Faith” as expressing a change in the Rav’s earlier “halakho-centrism.” I wonder if Prof. Lawrence Kaplan will agree.

[19] Reshut ha-Yahid (Petah Tivah, 2003), p. 186.

[20] Ma’ayan Omer (Jerusalem, 2007), vol. 1, pp. 186, 194, 205. R. Hillel Posek, Divrei Hillel, Orah Hayyim, no. 8, strongly supports giving an intermarried man an aliyah, but not as one of the first seven. To deny such an aliyah woould be to embarrass the man, and Posek explains why even sinners cannot be treated with disrespect. See also his comments in Ha-Posek, Sivan 5747, p. 1336. In Amsterdam the practice was also not to give an intermarried man one of the first seven aliyot. See R. Jacob Zvi Katz, Leket ha-Kemah he-Hadash (London, n.d.), vol. 3, p. 63.

[21] Sha’alu le-Varukh, vol. 1, no. 40.

[22] Of course, there are many other poskim who forbid giving an intermarried man an aliyah. Even as liberal a posek as R. Ben Zion Uziel was adamant that you cannot call an intermarried man up to the Torah. See Mishpetei Uziel, vol 8, no. 53.

[23] For those who don’t know, Lopatin was the first Rhodes Scholar to become an Orthodox rabbi. In fact, he might be the first Rhodes Scholar to become a rabbi in any denomination. R. Chaim Strauchler of Toronto is the second Rhodes Scholar-Orthodox rabbi.

Review: Minhagei Lita

Minhagei Lita, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Poliakoff, Baltimore: 2008, 116 pp.

The author’s stated purpose is to “clarify for present generation the authentic customs of Lithuanian Jewry in prayer and in common Jewish practice” and highlight the Torah true approach and values that form the underpinnings” of those customs. Minhagei Lita at 3. Aside from the difficulty in determining what the author means by “common Jewish practice,” “Torah true approach” this book, unfortunately, has little value. This book, which is really a screed, suffers from numerous problems, which we will highlight below. This book has so many flaws that I was not even going to review it, but it seems to have garnered some media attention and thus we have decided to review the book.
The author apparently spent eight years in Telshe Yeshiva in Lithuania, between 1930-38. It does not appear, according the brief biography at the end of the book, that the author went anywhere other than Telshe. See id. at 101-02. He makes no mention of visiting more established and larger Lithuanian cities of Vilna, Kovno, or Mintz for example. Indeed, in his introduction, he provides that he is “not so presumptuous and foolish to claim knowledge of all or even most of the area of Lithuanian avodah.” Id. at 4. But, throughout the book, the author fails to remember this disclaimer. Instead, for example, the author asserts that “the minhag in Lithuania was to beat the Aravos,” id. at 48, or that the neither “in the Telshe Yeshivah or anywhere else in Lithuania,” id. at 50, did they repeat to the two readings of the zekher. How the author knew that these customs were uniform throughout Lithuania is unclear.
This is not the only piece of his own advice the author ignores. The author records a conversation where another Lithuanian Jew bemoans the current state of Judaisim and particular its failure “to walk humbly with G[o]d?” Id. at 61 Poliakoff agrees this sentiment but a few pages later states about himself, without irony, that “I am much more of a scholar and more pious than many people in Baltimore who denigrate the eruv.” Id. at 74. Additionally, Poliakoff decides that he can offer his own “novel” solution to solving the agunah problem and dispensing with the second day of Yom Tov. The idea that in one fell swoop he can deal with these weighty issues doesn’t smack of humility. Moreover, in dealing with both of these issues, as well as others in the book, Poliakoff’s lack of awareness of relevant sources is stunning. He seems to think that only with the very recent technological advances is the Yom Tov Sheni issue problematic. Of course, since communication has been improving for hundreds of years, many, many people have raised and dealt with the issue of continuing to keep a second day for Yom Tov. See, for example, J. Katz, Divine Law in Human Hands, Magnes Press: 1998, 255 ff. Perhaps, as Poliakoff appears to still live in Baltimore, which to my knowledge, has no good Judaic library he had no access to these sources. When it comes to agunah, his “novel” solution is annulment. Of course, as anyone who has even the most basic familiarity with the history of the agunah issue knows that this approach has been raised on countless occasions. For a recent comprehensive history, one just needs to read the comprehensive articles in Yeshurun on this topic (many of which are online at Hebrewbooks, and thus, mitigates Polikoff’s unfortunate status as a Baltimorian). Maybe Polikoff will suggest in his next book that his has novel approach to Pesach where he wants to abandon the prohibition against kitnyot.
This is not the only example where a better library would have assisted him. He asserts that “one of the new trends today is to pronounce the word for rain in the second brachah of the amidah – gashem. The traditional pronunciation has always been, geshem.” Minhagei Lita, at 22. First, this is not a “new” trend, it was started in the early 1800s. Second, there is much written on this topic that could have clued him in on this. There are at least three books that are entirely devoted to this issue. See, e.g., Hayyim Kraus’s books, Mekhalkhel Hayyim, Jerusalem, 1981 and Ot Hayim, Beni Brak, 1984. Polikoff also asserts that there that is only “recent” is pointing one’s little finger at the torah during the hagbah ceremony. His “proof” that is a custom that has no basis and is a new one is that he “asked a person whom [he] noticed performing this act why [the pointer] did it and from where he learnt it.” The pointer “was unable to find a traditional source for it.” Just to be clear, Poliakoff, based upon one persons failure to elicit a source, proves his point. Rabbi Hayyim Palagei in Lev Chaim, Orach Chaim (167:6) records this custom as does the Yalkut Me’am Lo’ez (Deut. 27:26) records this custom as well as others. I am not suggesting that these sources end the discussion, or if this is an appropriate custom, but merely that the notion that there are no traditional sources is wrong.
Then, we get to, for lack of a better descriptor, the really silly things that Poliakoff says. For example, he asserts that it is a “misconception” that a mourner should lead the prayers, instead a mourner is only supposed to say kaddish. Minhagei Lita at 32. As an initial matter, this is a highly questionable assertion, but let’s assume he is correct. Based upon this assumption, Poliakoff then goes on to complain that sometimes people have decided to take upon themselves to lead the services not for a dead relative that would render them an avel but a grandfather for example. As they are doing this for hesed they should have priority over an actual avel in leading the prayers. So, according to Poliakoff, if you are leading the prayers in memory of your great uncle Bob then you are somehow doing more hesed than if you are merely leading the prayers for one’s father John who died two weeks ago. Why if for Uncle Bob are you doing a hesed are you not doing it for John? Or we have the especially silly comment since “more than fifty percent of marriages today contracted by the parties themselves end in divorce, we ought to consider whether we would not be better off if we required the consent of the parents to contract a marriage.” Id. at 79.
Poliakoff, is quick to offer his own sociological take on why it is current customs and practices don’t conform with his limited experience in Telshe Yeshiva in Lithuania. According to him this was in part brought about by the rise of the ba’al teshuva movement. Id. at 55. I assume the argument is that since ba’al teshuva don’t have their own family customs, they relied too heavily on books, books like the Mishna Berurah, which, according to Poliakoff don’t accurately represent the Lithuanian practice. But, did all ba’al teshuva become religious via the same experiance that Rambam attributes to Abraham? That is, was it based solely on their own introspection, did they not have teachers who were not ba’alei teshuva, teachers who presumably had their own traditions and customs that they could impart to their ba’alei teshuva students? Did these ba’ale teshuva take over all the yeshivas and shuls and institute their “new” non-traditional customs and force everyone else to follow them? Of course, as Hayyim Soloveichik points out in his own article on this topic, people today may be too willing to rely upon books rather than tradition (ahh what a idyllic world we would have if we all only followed the advice of Fiddler on the Roof) but this suggestion of Poliakoff seems too much of a generalization. For his broader point that people have uncritically accepted certain customs, there is no doubt that he is correct. The fault with his work, however, is that he provides little basis for this criticism other than his own displeasure. To be sure, there are numerous books and articles discussing this phenomenon, indeed, one of his examples, the pronunciation of kaddish was discussed on this site here. And had Poliakoff done even minimal research he could have located similar objections that would have bolstered his understanding of what minhagei lita was comprised of.
In all, if one is looking for what the customs were in Telshe, Poliakoff provides some of that and is especially strong when he limits himself to that topic. But, as of late, Telshe as a Yeshiva has been dying a slow death, it is unclear what relevance that will have to most. For a comprehensive work on minhagei lita, however, we will still have to wait for that.

Update: I have learned that this book was never intended to be a presentation of minhagei Lita, Telshe, or any other customs. Instead, the book was written for personal reasons and was not expected to generate such press. Thus, according to representations I received, no halakhic or any other conclusions were to be drawn from this book. The sole conclusion that is excepted is that it is “proper” to kill the messenger.